Antigenic Variation in H5N1 clade 2.1 Viruses in Indonesia from 2005 to 2011

Setiawaty, Vivi; Pawestri, Hana Apsari; Ibrahim, Fera; Soebandrio, Amin

doi:10.4137/vrt.s11754

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The 71 selected specimens positive for influenza A(H5N1) virus with a Ct value below 35 were grown in 9-to 10-dayold specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) facility [26]. After incubation at 37 °C for 30 h, the egg allantoic fluid was harvested and hemagglutination titers were determined by hemagglutination assay.…”

Section: Specimen Isolation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A/H5N1 viruses isolated from patients in Indonesia, 2008–2015

et al. 2020

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Since the initial detection in 2003, Indonesia has reported 200 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1), associated with an exceptionally high case fatality rate (84%) compared to other geographical regions affected by other genetic clades of the virus. However, there is limited information on the genetic diversity of HPAI H5N1 viruses, especially those isolated from humans in Indonesia. In this study, the genetic and antigenic characteristics of 35 HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated from humans were analyzed. Full genome sequences were analyzed for the presence of substitutions in the receptor binding site, and polymerase complex, as markers for virulence or human adaptation, as well as antiviral drug resistance substitutions. Only a few substitutions associated with human adaptation were observed, a remarkably low prevalence of the human adaptive substitution PB2-E627K, which is common during human infection with other H5N1 clades and a known virulence marker for avian influenza viruses during human infections. In addition, the antigenic profile of these Indonesian HPAI H5N1 viruses was determined using serological analysis and antigenic cartography. Antigenic characterization showed two distinct antigenic clusters, as observed previously for avian isolates. These two antigenic clusters were not clearly associated with time of virus isolation. This study provides better insight in genetic diversity of H5N1 viruses during human infection and the presence of human adaptive markers. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating virus genetics for HPAI H5N1 viruses to estimate the risk to human health and the need for increased efforts to monitor the evolution of H5N1 viruses across Indonesia.

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Section: Specimen Isolation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A/H5N1 viruses isolated from patients in Indonesia, 2008–2015

et al. 2020

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“…However, the potential risk of antigenic variants of HPAIV H5N1 viruses evolving due to extensive use of H5 vaccine need to be considered as this may result in the failure of a vaccination programme (Setiawaty, Pratiwi, Pawestri, Ibrahim, & Soebandrio, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the epidemiology of avian influenza virus circulation on poultry farms in Bangladesh

Gupta¹

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) virus H9N2 are endemic in Bangladesh and pose a threat to both poultry and human health. For effective avian influenza (AI) prevention and control, good knowledge of the factors influencing the epidemiology of avian influenza virus (AIV) circulation is crucial, but no in-depth investigations have thus far been conducted on poultry farms in Bangladesh. The overall aim of this research was to improve the understanding of the extent of H5 and H9 virus circulation on backyard, and commercial broiler and commercial layer chicken farms in Bangladesh and to identify risk factors associated with the presence of H5 and H9 virus. Furthermore, the research aimed to investigate the perceptions of chicken farmers to implement HPAI prevention and control measures in Bangladesh. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in the Chittagong and Cox's Bazaar districts of Bangladesh: 1) between February and April 2016 involving 144 backyard chicken farms in 42 villages, and 2) between February and April 2017 involving 106 commercial broiler and 113 commercial layer chicken farms. Blood samples, oropharyngeal swabs and cloacal swabs were collected from 576 chickens and 204 in-contact ducks on backyard farms, and from 954 broilers and 904 layers on commercial chicken farms. Questionnaires were used to collect data on farm-level and village-level risk factors for H5 and H9 seroprevalence and on farmer's perceptions towards implementation of HPAI prevention and control measures. Although all sampled birds tested negative for H5 by RT-PCR, H5 seropositive chickens were detected in all three farming systems. The highest H5 seroprevalence was observed in ducks raised with chickens on backyard farms, 14.2% (95% CI: 10.0-19.8), compared to in-contact backyard chickens, 4.2% (95% CI: 2.8-6.1). H5 seroprevalence was lower in unvaccinated broiler chickens, 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9-2.5), than in unvaccinated layer chickens, 7.8% (95% CI: 6.1-9.8). H9 viral infection was detected by RT-PCR in 0.5% (95% CI: 0.2-1.3) and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3-1.5) of chickens raised in broiler and layer farms, respectively and in 0.2% (95% CI: 0.0-1.2) of chickens on backyard farms suggesting a similar level of exposure to H9 virus is all farming systems. Backyard chickens and ducks showed similar H9 seroprevalence, 16.0% (95% CI: 13.2-19.2) and 15.7% (95% CI: 11.3-21.4) respectively, while it was 5.8% (95% CI: 4.3-7.6) in layers and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9-2.5) in broilers. Over the course of a production cycle, H5 and H9 seroprevalence increased with the age of backyard and layer chickens. Clustering of H5 seropositivity in ducks was identified, highlighting iii that multiple ducks within a flock were H5 seropositive. This was in contrast to backyard and broiler and layer chickens, where only individual birds within flocks developed H5 antibodies.

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Mutations in PB1, NP, HA, and NA Contribute to Increased Virus Fitness of H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4 in Chickens

Youk

Leyson

Seibert

et al. 2021

J Virol

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The H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4 virus spread to North America by wild birds and reassorted to generate the H5N2 HPAI virus that caused the poultry outbreak in the United States in 2015. In previous studies, we showed that H5N2 viruses isolated from poultry in the later stages of the outbreak had higher infectivity and transmissibility in chickens than the wild bird index H5N2 virus. Here, we determined the genetic changes that contributed to the difference in host virus fitness by analyzing sequence data from all of the viruses detected during the H5N2 outbreak, and studying the pathogenicity of reassortant viruses generated with the index wild bird virus and a chicken virus from later in the outbreak. Viruses with the wild bird virus backbone and either PB1, NP, or the entire polymerase complex of the chicken isolate, caused higher and earlier mortality in chickens, with three mutations (PB1 E180D, M317V, and NP I109T) identified to increase polymerase activity in chicken cells. The reassortant virus with the HA and NA from the chicken virus, where mutations in functionally known gene regions were acquired as the virus circulated in turkeys (HA S141P and NA S416G) and later in chickens (HA M66I, L322Q), showed faster virus growth, bigger plaque size and enhanced heat persistence in vitro, and increased pathogenicity and transmissibility in chickens. Collectively, these findings demonstrate an evolutionary pathway in which a HPAI virus from wild birds can accumulate genetic changes to increase fitness in poultry. IMPORTANCE H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage continue to circulate widely affecting both poultry and wild birds. These viruses continue to change and reassort, which affects their fitness to different avian hosts. In this study, we defined mutations associated with increased virus fitness in chickens as the clade 2.3.4.4. H5N2 HPAI virus circulated in different avian species. We identified mutations in the PB1, NP, HA, and NA virus proteins that were highly conserved in the poultry isolates and contributed to the adaptation of this virus in chickens. This knowledge is important for understanding the epidemiology of H5Nx HPAI viruses and specifically the changes related to adaptation of these viruses in poultry.

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Antigenic Variation in H5N1 clade 2.1 Viruses in Indonesia from 2005 to 2011

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A/H5N1 viruses isolated from patients in Indonesia, 2008–2015

Genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A/H5N1 viruses isolated from patients in Indonesia, 2008–2015

Factors influencing the epidemiology of avian influenza virus circulation on poultry farms in Bangladesh

Mutations in PB1, NP, HA, and NA Contribute to Increased Virus Fitness of H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4 in Chickens

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