Antigenic Variation Among Newly Isolated Strains of Parainfluenza Type 4 Virus1

Canchola, Jose G.; Vargosko, Andrew J.; Kim, Hyun Wha; Parrott, Robert H.; Christmas, E. E.; Jeffries, Barbara; Chanock, Robert M.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120390

Cited by 44 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Infection of hamsters or nonhuman primates with bovine PIV3 protects animals from challenge with HPIV3 (11,18,32). In contrast to RSV, PIV3, and HMPV, the HPIV4 subgroups A and B are highly distinct immunologically (8,26), despite a comparatively high level of amino acid identity in the F and HN antigenic glycoproteins (95 and 84%, respectively) (2,24). Studies suggest that this antigenic diversity may be caused by the creation or deletion of N-glycosylation sites on the HN glycoproteins (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Two Major Human Metapneumovirus Genetic Lineages Are Highly Related Antigenically, and the Fusion (F) Protein Is a Major Contributor to This Antigenic Relatedness

Skiadopoulos

Biacchesi

Buchholz

et al. 2004

J Virol

167

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The growth properties and antigenic relatedness of the CAN98-75 (CAN75) and the CAN97-83 (CAN83) human metapneumovirus (HMPV) strains, which represent the two distinct HMPV genetic lineages and exhibit 5 and 63% amino acid divergence in the fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins, respectively, were investigated in vitro and in rodents and nonhuman primates. Both strains replicated to high titers (>6.0 log 10 ) in the upper respiratory tract of hamsters and to moderate titers (>3.6 log 10 ) in the lower respiratory tract. The two lineages exhibited 48% antigenic relatedness based on reciprocal cross-neutralization assay with postinfection hamster sera, and infection with each strain provided a high level of resistance to reinfection with the homologous or heterologous strain. Hamsters immunized with a recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 1 expressing the fusion F protein of the CAN83 strain developed a serum antibody response that efficiently neutralized virus from both lineages and were protected from challenge with either HMPV strain. This result indicates that the HMPV F protein is a major antigenic determinant that mediates extensive cross-lineage neutralization and protection. Both HMPV strains replicated to low titers in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques but induced high levels of HMPV-neutralizing antibodies in serum effective against both lineages. The level of HMPV replication in chimpanzees was moderately higher, and infected animals developed mild colds. HMPV replicated the most efficiently in the respiratory tracts of African green monkeys, and the infected animals developed a high level of HMPV serum-neutralizing antibodies (1:500 to 1:1,000) effective against both lineages. Reciprocal cross-neutralization assays in which postinfection sera from all three primate species were used indicated that CAN75 and CAN83 are 64 to 99% related antigenically. HMPVinfected chimpanzees and African green monkeys were highly protected from challenge with the heterologous HMPV strain. Taken together, the results from hamsters and nonhuman primates support the conclusion that the two HMPV genetic lineages are highly related antigenically and are not distinct antigenic subtypes or subgroups as defined by reciprocal cross-neutralization in vitro.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Two Major Human Metapneumovirus Genetic Lineages Are Highly Related Antigenically, and the Fusion (F) Protein Is a Major Contributor to This Antigenic Relatedness

Skiadopoulos

Biacchesi

Buchholz

et al. 2004

J Virol

167

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“…Based on genotypic and antigenic characteristics, four HPIV serotypes (HPIV1 to -4) are recognized. HPIV4 is further divided into two subtypes, 4A and 4B, by hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing tests (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Virus 4 Infections in Hong Kong: Subtype 4B as Common as Subtype 4A

Lau

Chau

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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“…In primary monkey kidney cells, this virus grows slowly and produces weak hemadsorption patterns. Canchola et al (27) found that the sensitivity for detecting parainfluenza virus type 4 in primary monkey kidney cell cultures generally was increased 10-fold in rolled cultures.…”

Section: Centrifugation Of Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and chemical methods for enhancing rapid detection of viruses and other agents

Hughes

1993

Clin Microbiol Rev

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Viral replication events can be enhanced by physical, chemical, or heat treatment of cells. The centrifugation of cells can stimulate them to proliferate, reduce their generation times, and activate gene expression. Human endothelial cells can be activated to release cyclo-oxygenase metabolites after rocking for 5 min, and mechanical stress can stimulate endothelial cells to proliferate. Centrifugation of virus-infected cultures can increase cytopathic effects (CPE), enhance the number of infected cells, increase viral yields, and reduce viral detection times and may increase viral isolation rates. The rolling of virus-infected cells also has an effect similar to that of centrifugation. The continuous rolling of virus-infected cultures at < or = 2.0 rpm can enhance enterovirus, rhinovirus, reovirus, rotavirus, paramyxovirus, herpesvirus, and vaccinia virus CPE or yields or both. For some viruses, the continuous rolling of infected cell cultures at 96 rpm (1.9 x g) is superior to rolling at 2.0 rpm for viral replication or CPE production. In addition to centrifugation and rolling, the treatment of cells with chemicals or heat can also enhance viral yields or CPE. For example, the treatment of virus-infected cells with dimethyl sulfoxide can enhance viral transformation, increase plaque numbers and plaque size, increase the number of cells producing antigens, and increase viral yields. The infectivity of fowl plague virus is increased by 80-fold when 4% dimethyl sulfoxide is added to culture medium immediately after infection. The heat shocking of virus-infected cells also has been shown to have a stimulatory effect on the replication events of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The effects of motion, chemicals, or heat treatments on viral replication are not well understood. These treatments apparently activate cells to make them more permissive to viral infection and viral replication. Perhaps heat shock proteins or stress proteins are a common factor for this enhancement phenomenon. The utility of these treatments alone or in combination with other methods for enhancing viral isolation and replication in a diagnostic setting needs further investigation.

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Antigenic Variation Among Newly Isolated Strains of Parainfluenza Type 4 Virus1

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

The Two Major Human Metapneumovirus Genetic Lineages Are Highly Related Antigenically, and the Fusion (F) Protein Is a Major Contributor to This Antigenic Relatedness

The Two Major Human Metapneumovirus Genetic Lineages Are Highly Related Antigenically, and the Fusion (F) Protein Is a Major Contributor to This Antigenic Relatedness

Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Virus 4 Infections in Hong Kong: Subtype 4B as Common as Subtype 4A

Physical and chemical methods for enhancing rapid detection of viruses and other agents

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