Antigenic Variants of Influenza B Virus

Schild, G. C.; Pereira, M. S.; Chakraverty, P.; Coleman, Marion T.; Dowdle, Walter R.; Chang, Wen-Han

doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5885.127

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Patients infected with influenza B are likely to produce antibodies to both surface antigens and, for the purpose of a diagnostic test, any reaction which detects a change in antibody titre will suffice. Schild et al (1973) have shown that there is little apparent difference between the neuraminidase antigens of B/Victoria/98926/70 (similar to B68) and B/Hong Kong/5/72. Five patients infected with a strain similar to B/Victoria showed a response to this strain by HI, but no response to B/Hong Kong.…”

Section: Analysis Of Entry Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From time to time strains emerge which react poorly with sera raised against previous strains and these may be associated with local or more widespread epidemics. Recent examples of such 'new' strains are B/Hong Kong/5/72 (Schild et al 1973) which achieved a world-wide distribution in the mid 1970s and strains similar to B/Hanover/13/78 which were responsible for a number of outbreaks of influenza in northern Europe in 1979 (W.H.O., 1980). Epidemiological surveillance of influenza in the United Kingdom (Pereira, Assaad & Delon, 1978) has shown that in some years there is an increase in the number of reported cases of influenza B, with many outbreaks in schools, and that such a year of activity is usually followed by two or three years when few cases are reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influenza B at Christ's Hospital: natural antibody to influenza B estimated by radial haemolysis

Grilli

Davies

1981

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe technique of radial haemolysis (SRH) was used to assess the response to infection with different strains of influenza B virus, to determine the persistence of antibody following such infection and to examine sera from boys entering school at age 11 years. The technique detected 95 % of infections and in primary infection the antibody response was mainly to the infecting strain. Re-infections resulted in a broad response, both to the homotypic strain and to strains more distantly related. Antibody to the homotypic strain persisted for at least 3 years but in some individuals the reaction with heterotypic strains tended to become weakerresulting in zones of incomplete lysis -or was lost. Examination of the sera collected on entry to the school showed that about 60 % of the boys bled before

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Section: Analysis Of Entry Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza B at Christ's Hospital: natural antibody to influenza B estimated by radial haemolysis

Grilli

Davies

1981

J. Hyg.

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“…This difference may arise because influenza B occurs in only one host species (humans). Antigenic variation occurs in influenza B but, when measured with polyclonal antisera, the extent of variation is considerably less than in influenza A (7). Isolates can be distinguished by monoclonal antibodies, and these analyses have indicated that there is no clear progressive antigenic drift in influenza B; the pattern of variation is very erratic.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolutionary changes in influenza B are not primarily governed by antibody selection.

Air

Gibbs

Laver

et al. 1990

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Influenza B viruses evolve more slowly than human influenza A, but no reasons for the difference have been established. We have analyzed sequence changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza B viruses (and have determined four hemagglutinin sequences, of B/Bonn/43, B/ USSR/100/83, B/Victoria/3/85, and B/Memphis/6/86) in relation to antigenic properties and compared these with similar analyses of variation in influenza A antigens. Independent of the slower rate of change in influenza B antigens, only approximately 30% of nucleotide changes in either the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase gene sequence result in amino acid changes in the protein, whereas in influenza A 50% of nucleotide changes result in altered amino acids. Thus, there is less selection for change, or less tolerance to change, in the influenza B antigens. This is similar to findings with influenza C and fndings with influenza A viruses that replicate in lower animals and birds and is closer to the type of variation found in other RNA viruses. We propose that human influenza A is unique in that it is the only virus group in which antibody selection dominates evolutionary change.

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“…Despite the lack of subtypes, influenza B virus undergoes antigenic variation through genetic reassortment among cocirculating strains of different lineages and antigenic drift from cumulative mutations (17,48,49,56,70,83,101). Influenza B virus HAs have a mutational rate about five times slower than that observed for influenza A virus HAs (3,10,15,19,34,41,44,45,81,94,101). The antigenic structures of influenza B virus HAs have been studied by sequence analysis of both naturally occurring variants and antibody-selected escape variants (5,6,10,35,44,45,51,76,77,94,96), using the structure of influenza A H3 HA as a reference (100).…”

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confidence: 99%

Crystal Structure of Unliganded Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin

Wang

Cheng

et al. 2008

J Virol

123

141

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Here we report the crystal structure of hemagglutinin (HA) from influenza B/Hong Kong/8/73 (B/HK) virus determined to 2.8 Å. At a sequence identity of ϳ25% to influenza A virus HAs, B/HK HA shares a similar overall structure and domain organization. More than two dozen amino acid substitutions on influenza B virus HAs have been identified to cause antigenicity alteration in site-specific mutants, monoclonal antibody escape mutants, or field isolates. Mapping these substitutions on the structure of B/HK HA reveals four major epitopes, the 120 loop, the 150 loop, the 160 loop, and the 190 helix, that are located close in space to form a large, continuous antigenic site. Moreover, a systematic comparison of known HA structures across the entire influenza virus family reveals evolutionarily conserved ionizable residues at all regions along the chain and subunit interfaces. These ionizable residues are likely the structural basis for the pH dependence and sensitivity to ionic strength of influenza HA and hemagglutinin-esterase fusion proteins.Influenza virus is a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Three types of influenza viruses have been detected: A, B, and C. They all have a major surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA) for influenza A and B viruses and hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) protein for influenza C virus (2,20,85,98). Infections caused by influenza A and B viruses remain a major source of human morbidity and mortality worldwide (13, 90).Influenza B virus circulates exclusively in humans and seals (66), with no subtypes. The first isolated influenza B virus strain was B/Lee/40 (44). Currently, there are two major phylogenetic lineages found in circulation: B/Victoria/2/87 (B/VI) like and B/Yamagata/16/88 (B/YM) like (41,77,83). Despite the lack of subtypes, influenza B virus undergoes antigenic variation through genetic reassortment among cocirculating strains of different lineages and antigenic drift from cumulative mutations (17,48,49,56,70,83,101). Influenza B virus HAs have a mutational rate about five times slower than that observed for influenza A virus HAs (3,10,15,19,34,41,44,45,81,94,101). The antigenic structures of influenza B virus HAs have been studied by sequence analysis of both naturally occurring variants and antibody-selected escape variants (5,6,10,35,44,45,51,76,77,94,96), using the structure of influenza A H3 HA as a reference (100). However, given the rather low sequence identity between influenza A and B virus HAs, ϳ20% for HA 1 , which is the primary target for antigenic variation, it is hard to define accurately the antigenic sites in this fashion.We have recently reported two crystal structures of influenza B/Hong Kong/8/73 virus HA (referred to as B/HK HA herein) in complex with human and avian receptor analogs (95). Comparison of these structures with those of influenza A virus HAs provided a structural basis for the receptor-binding properties of influenza A and B virus HAs and suggested the role of residue 222 (H3 numbering) as a key an...

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Antigenic Variants of Influenza B Virus

Cited by 42 publications

References 5 publications

Influenza B at Christ's Hospital: natural antibody to influenza B estimated by radial haemolysis

Influenza B at Christ's Hospital: natural antibody to influenza B estimated by radial haemolysis

Evolutionary changes in influenza B are not primarily governed by antibody selection.

Crystal Structure of Unliganded Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin

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