Antigenic relationships and relative immunogenicities of venom proteins from six poisonous snakes of Thailand

Chinonavanig, Leera; Billings, Peter B.; Matangkasombut, Ponpan; Ratanabanangkoon, Kavi

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(88)90329-7

Cited by 24 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…kaouthia (Vietnam) venom. Though relatively small in quantity, these high MW proteins are highly immunogenic and have been shown by Western Blot to induce high titer of antibody [ 45 ]. Although ‘antigenic competition’ [ 46 ] in antivenom production has not yet been established, the presence of these proteins in the immunogen mix could possibly interfere with the production of antibodies specific against the lethal toxins of the venom as have been observed with other venoms [ 47 – 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple and Novel Strategy for the Production of a Pan-specific Antiserum against Elapid Snakes of Asia

et al. 2016

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Snakebite envenomation is a serious medical problem in many tropical developing countries and was considered by WHO as a neglected tropical disease. Antivenom (AV), the rational and most effective treatment modality, is either unaffordable and/or unavailable in many affected countries. Moreover, each AV is specific to only one (monospecific) or a few (polyspecific) snake venoms. This demands that each country to prepare AV against its local snake venoms, which is often not feasible. Preparation of a ‘pan-specific’ AV against many snakes over a wide geographical area in some countries/regions has not been possible. If a ‘pan-specific’ AV effective against a variety of snakes from many countries could be prepared, it could be produced economically in large volume for use in many countries and save many lives. The aim of this study was to produce a pan-specific antiserum effective against major medically important elapids in Asia. The strategy was to use toxin fractions (TFs) of the venoms in place of crude venoms in order to reduce the number of antigens the horses were exposed to. This enabled inclusion of a greater variety of elapid venoms in the immunogen mix, thus exposing the horse immune system to a diverse repertoire of toxin epitopes, and gave rise to antiserum with wide paraspecificity against elapid venoms. Twelve venom samples from six medically important elapid snakes (4 Naja spp. and 2 Bungarus spp.) were collected from 12 regions/countries in Asia. Nine of these 12 venoms were ultra-filtered to remove high molecular weight, non-toxic and highly immunogenic proteins. The remaining 3 venoms were not ultra-filtered due to limited amounts available. The 9 toxin fractions (TFs) together with the 3 crude venoms were emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant and used to immunize 3 horses using a low dose, low volume, multisite immunization protocol. The horse antisera were assayed by ELISA and by in vivo lethality neutralization in mice. The findings were: a) The 9 TFs were shown to contain all of the venom toxins but were devoid of high MW proteins. When these TFs, together with the 3 crude venoms, were used as the immunogen, satisfactory ELISA antibody titers against homologous/heterologous venoms were obtained. b) The horse antiserum immunologically reacted with and neutralized the lethal effects of both the homologous and the 16 heterologous Asian/African elapid venoms tested. Thus, the use of TFs in place of crude venoms and the inclusion of a variety of elapid venoms in the immunogen mix resulted in antiserum with wide paraspecificity against elapid venoms from distant geographic areas. The antivenom prepared from this antiserum would be expected to be pan-specific and effective in treating envenomations by most elapids in many Asian countries. Due to economies of scale, the antivenom could be produced inexpensively and save many lives. This simple strategy and procedure could be readily adapted for the production of pan-specific antisera against elapids of other continents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple and Novel Strategy for the Production of a Pan-specific Antiserum against Elapid Snakes of Asia

et al. 2016

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“…A partir de este análisis, los componentes de los venenos en estudio pueden dividirse en dos grupos basados en sus pesos moleculares; por un lado los de alto y mediano peso molecular (mayor a 15 kDa) y por otro los de bajo peso molecular (menor a 15 kDa). Esta heterogeneidad en los perfiles obtenidos ha sido reportada para venenos de otras especies sudamericanas, como B. alternatus, B. atrox, B. cotiara, B. erythromelas, B. jararaca, B. jararacussus, B. moojeni, B. neuwiedi y B. pradoi de Brazil (da Silva et al 1990); centroamericanas, incluyendo a L. muta stenophrys y C. durissus durissus de Costa Rica (Anderson et al1993); norteamericanas como C. atrox, C. viridis viridis, C. adamanteus y C. horridus horridus (Ownby & Colberg 1990) y asiáticas como Naja naja siamensis, Ophiophagus hannah, Bungarus fasciatus, Vipera russelli, Calloselasma rhodostoma y Trimeresurus albolabris (Chinonavanig et al 1988). …”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Inmunogenicidad del veneno de Bothrops atrox (Ophidia: Viperidae) y su evaluación por métodos inmunoenzimáticos

et al. 2011

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The immunogenicity of Bothrops atrox, “jergón”, venom was studied using ELISA and Western Blot methods, as well as cross-reactivity patterns against venoms of Bothrops brazili, Lachesis muta and Crotalus durissus. For this purpose, New Zealand white rabbits (2 kg aprox) were immunized with four 500 μg doses of B. atrox venom in a period of 90 days. Antibody production was followed using ELISA technique, and title of hiper-immune serum was determined at the end of immunization protocol. Additionally, electrophoretic patterns of venoms were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and venom reactivity against obtained serum by ELISA and Western Blot. Immunization schedule allowed a pronounced antibody production since day 20 of protocol. At the end of process, serum title was 256000, which demonstrated both efficacy and usefulness of the developed procedure. On the other hand, studied venoms showed a heterogenic protein composition according to their electrophoretic patterns, whereas cross-reactivity values of 23,7%, 4,0% and 1,8% were obtained between B. atrox venom and B. brazili, L. muta and C. durissus venoms, respectively, using immunoenzymatic methods. According to our results, this procedure constitutes an initial step for further assays directed to optimization in immunoserum production for envenoming treatment and development of kits for diagnosis and species identification of snakes.

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“…Cross-reactions of AV with heterologous venom proteins, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation or Western blot analysis, are frequently observed, thus indicating antigenic relatedness (Chinonavanig et al, 1988). However, cross-neutralization is not generally encountered (Ganthavorn, 1969).…”

Section: Snake Envenomation and Snake Identificationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Merit and Demerit of Polyvalent Snake Antivenoms

Ratanabanangkoon

2003

Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews

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Polyvalent antivenoms contain specific antibodies capable of neutralizing a number of homologous venoms from different species/genera. They can save lives of victims of snake envenomations, even when the culprit snake has not been identified (the usual case, about 80% of the time), and a monovalent antivenom can not be chosen. They are useful in areas where there are too many poisonous species to produce monovalent antivenoms against all of them. It is now possible to prepare polyvalent antivenoms with high potencies comparable to those of the corresponding monovalent antivenoms. With good manufacturing processes, these antivenoms have been shown to cause few and minor adverse reactions. In addition, polyvalent antivenoms exhibit a wider range of paraspecific neutralization of venoms from different species/genera, even from distant geographic areas. Lastly, it is less expensive and easier to produce and handle a few polyvalent antivenoms than batteries of monovalent antivenoms.

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Antigenic relationships and relative immunogenicities of venom proteins from six poisonous snakes of Thailand

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

A Simple and Novel Strategy for the Production of a Pan-specific Antiserum against Elapid Snakes of Asia

A Simple and Novel Strategy for the Production of a Pan-specific Antiserum against Elapid Snakes of Asia

Inmunogenicidad del veneno de Bothrops atrox (Ophidia: Viperidae) y su evaluación por métodos inmunoenzimáticos

Merit and Demerit of Polyvalent Snake Antivenoms

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