Antigenic complementarity among AIDS-associated infectious agents and molecular mimicry of lymphocyte proteins as inducers of lymphocytotoxic antibodies and circulating immune complexes

Root‐Bernstein, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2004.09.009

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The idiotypeanti-idiotype hypothesis of HIV infection, illustrated in Fig. 1, finds also support in recent observations, that showed a cross-reactivity between antibodies from HIV-infected sera and antibodies elicited to agents involved in the most common HIV co-infections, such as CMV, HBV, M.tuberculosis, S.aureus, and mycoplasms [143]. Antibody cross-reactivity may depend on antigen complementarity; moreover, HIV envelope proteins share homology with HLA molecules, while antigens belonging to other pathogens mimic host proteins [142].…”

Section: The Anti-idiotypic Networksupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The high degree of similarity between HIV and human proteins explains why many attempts to elicit anti-HIV responses risk to fail or, worst, cause anti-self reactions that further endanger immune system and host tissues [144,68,99,143]. Not surprisingly, the majority of clinical trials, carried out in healthy volunteers and in HIV-infected patients in the last twenty years, that were aimed at stimulating active immune responses to HIV, have not obtained yet a definitive proof of efficacy and safety [34,146].…”

Section: Exploiting Allo-and Auto-immune Response To Fight Hiv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several microbial and viral proteins share sequence homology and/or tri-dimensional conformation with cell proteins, receptors and molecules [143,142]. HIV antigens also present similarities to surface molecules found on immune cells.…”

Section: Mimicry: When Form Shapes Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Is Autoimmunity a Component of Natural Immunity to HIV?

Russo¹,

Lopalco

2006

CHR

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Antibody neutralization would be a major way to prevent HIV infection and disease progression, but the complex relationship between host and pathogen makes tough to achieve this target through immunogens based on viral envelope proteins. Autoimmunity has been associated to bacterial and viral diseases, as a consequence of inflammatory response to pathogens; it may eventually lead to harm host cells and organs. However, autoimmune-like responses have also been observed in HIV-infected patients, raising many questions about their clinical significance. Recent studies have elucidated both similarities and differences between anti-self responses in HIV infection and autoimmune diseases, identifying new molecular players that might enhance immune protection to HIV and/or modulate the clinical progression of the established infection. This paper will present the current knowledge on auto-antibodies observed in HIV infection, their putative mechanisms of generation and their possible implications for immune therapy.

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Section: The Anti-idiotypic Networksupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Exploiting Allo-and Auto-immune Response To Fight Hiv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Autoimmunity a Component of Natural Immunity to HIV?

Russo¹,

Lopalco

2006

CHR

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“…This adds another layer of complexity since HIV proteins appear to be more "human" than we previously thought. Furthermore, RootBernstein found out that HIV shares antigenic determinants with opportunistic pathogens commonly found in AIDS patients [34]. These cofactor infections elicited complementary, idiotype-anti-idiotype antibodies and some of these antibodies also mimicked host lymphocyte-directed antibodies.…”

Section: Monkey Wrench: Alloimmunization As a Strategy For Aids Prevementioning

confidence: 99%

AIDS Vaccines and Reproductive Immunology

Bourinbaiar¹,

Jirathitikal²,

Silin³

et al. 2007

CIR

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It may appear that problems of reproductive immunology have little in common with issues of treatment and prevention of AIDS. However, the certain aspects of HIV immunopathogenesis are closely related to problems faced by reproductive immunologists. The development of prophylactic and therapeutic AIDS vaccines would greatly benefit from acquired experience in immune regulation of reproductive dysfunction. The spermatozoa and HIV are foreign intruders that must enter the host cell, oocyte or T-lymphocyte, in order to start the replication process. The immune responses of the host organism against fertilized egg or HIV-impregnated lymphocyte must be similar, since in theory they are directed against alloantigens presented by such cells. This paper attempts to bring together the recent advances in AIDS field with progress made in the physiology and pathology of reproduction in humans, especially in the domain of immunotherapy and prevention of recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). It is our opinion that the lessons learned from alloimmunization trials of infertile women are relevant to prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for HIV infection.

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“…The preparations of whole virions and inactivated lysates of HIV exert an immunosuppressive effect on human lymphocytes [140]. In human CD4-transgenic mice the immune response to gp120 contributes to seven-fold decrease in T cells and up to three-fold decrease in B cells [141].…”

Section: Autoimmune and Alloimmune Aspects Of Hiv Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic AIDS Vaccines

Bourinbaiar¹,

Root‐Bernstein²,

Abulafia-Lapid³

et al. 2006

CPD

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Therapeutic HIV vaccines represent promising strategy as an adjunct or alternative to current antiretroviral treatment options for HIV. Unlike prophylactic AIDS vaccines designed to prevent HIV infection, therapeutic vaccines are given to already infected individuals to help fight the disease by modulating their immune response. The first immunotherapeutic trial in AIDS patients was conducted in 1983. Since then several dozen conventional therapeutic vaccine trials have been carried out. Unfortunately, the results have consistently shown that while HIV-specific immune responses were evident as a result of vaccination, the clinical improvement has been seldom observed. The instances of the apparent clinical benefit were invariably associated with unconventional vaccines that acted in accord with the principles of alloimmunization and/or autologous vaccination. All such vaccines were derived from the blood of HIV carriers or a cell culture and thus they inherently contained allo- or self-antigens unrelated to HIV. This intriguing observation raises the issue whether this clinically successful approach has been unduly neglected. The current strategy biased toward vaccines, which have shown little evidence of clinical efficacy, needs to be diversified and supplemented with research on alternative vaccine approaches geared toward immune tolerance induction.

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Antigenic complementarity among AIDS-associated infectious agents and molecular mimicry of lymphocyte proteins as inducers of lymphocytotoxic antibodies and circulating immune complexes

Cited by 14 publications

References 59 publications

Is Autoimmunity a Component of Natural Immunity to HIV?

Is Autoimmunity a Component of Natural Immunity to HIV?

AIDS Vaccines and Reproductive Immunology

Therapeutic AIDS Vaccines

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