Antifungals and Drug Resistance

Hossain, Chowdhury Mobaswar; Ryan, Lisa K.; Gera, Meeta; Choudhuri, Sabyasachi; Lyle, Nazmun; Ali, Kazi Asraf; Diamond, Gill

doi:10.3390/encyclopedia2040118

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Fluconazole is an azole antifungal drug from the triazole derivative group. The mechanism of action of drugs that belong to this group of synthetic compounds is based on the inhibition of the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is one of the components that build the fungal cell membrane 10 , 45 . This metabolic disturbance increases the permeability of the cell membrane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical changes in Candida albicans cells treated with the Venetin-1 complex from earthworm coelomic fluid

Wójcik-Mieszawska

Lewtak

Sofińska-Chmiel

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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In the present research, the effect of a protein-polysaccharide complex Venetin-1 obtained from the coelomic fluid of Dendrobaena veneta earthworm on Candida albicans cells was characterized. The compound destroyed fungal cells without showing cytotoxicity to human skin fibroblasts, which was demonstrated in earlier studies. Since it had an effect on the fungal cell wall and membrane, this complex was compared with the known antifungal antibiotic fluconazole. Both preparations disturbed the division of yeast cells and resulted in the formation of aggregates and chains of unseparated cells, which was illustrated by staining with fluorochromes. Fluorescent staining of the cell wall with Calcofluor white facilitated comparison of the types of aggregates formed after the action of both substances. The analysis performed with the use of Congo red showed that Venetin-1 exposed deeper layers of the cell wall, whereas no such effect was visible after the use of fluconazole. The FTIR analysis confirmed changes in the mannoprotein layer of the cell wall after the application of the Venetin-1 complex. Staining with Rhodamine 123 and the use of flow cytometry allowed comparison of changes in the mitochondria. Significantly elongated mitochondria were observed after the Venetin-1 application, but not after the application of the classic antibiotic. Phase contrast microscopy revealed vacuole enlargement after the Venetin-1 application. The flow cytometry analysis of C. albicans cells treated with Venetin-1 and fluconazole showed that both substances caused a significant decrease in cell viability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical changes in Candida albicans cells treated with the Venetin-1 complex from earthworm coelomic fluid

Wójcik-Mieszawska

Lewtak

Sofińska-Chmiel

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…Disseminated infections are typically caused by Blastomyces , Coccidioides , Paracoccidioides , Histoplasma, and Cryptococcus spp. [ 44 ]. The pulmonary system (lungs) are the most common site of IFIs [ 45 ].…”

Section: Clinical Significance Of Who Pathogen Listmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, ca. 7% of systemic Candida infections display reduced azole susceptibility [ 44 ]. For invasive aspergillosis, voriconazole is typically administered, and amphotericin B (AMPB) and the echinocandins also show anti-aspergillus activity, whereas the Aspergillus species possess a resistance to fluconazole [ 41 ].…”

Section: Clinical Significance Of Who Pathogen Listmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…terreus and Asperguillus nidulans possessing a resistance to AMPB [ 49 ]. The FDA suggests that AMPB is the safest antifungal agent for the treatment of systemic fungal infections, irrespective of its side effects, long half-life, and liver and kidney toxicity [ 44 ].…”

Section: Clinical Significance Of Who Pathogen Listmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, the health authorities recognize that C. auris is one of the most high-risk nosocomial pathogens due to its high transmissibility, AMR, and biocidal resistance [ 55 ]. The occurrence of MDR in fungal species has increased since 2017, particularly in C. auris and C. glabrata , which demonstrate resistance to the echinocandin drug class and fluconazole, which are the two first-line mono-therapeutic drugs for invasive candidiasis [ 44 ]. Aspergillus BSIs are not common, and they are typically associated with the dissemination of invasive lung aspergillosis or the infection of critically ill patients [ 56 ].…”

Section: Clinical Significance Of Who Pathogen Listmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenic Drug Resistant Fungi: A Review of Mitigation Strategies

Garvey

Rowan²

2023

IJMS

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Fungal pathogens cause significant human morbidity and mortality globally, where there is a propensity to infect vulnerable people such as the immunocompromised ones. There is increasing evidence of resistance to antifungal drugs, which has significant implications for cutaneous, invasive and bloodstream infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a priority list of fungal pathogens in October 2022, thus, highlighting that a crisis point has been reached where there is a pressing need to address the solutions. This review provides a timely insight into the challenges and implications on the topic of antifungal drug resistance along with discussing the effectiveness of established disease mitigation modalities and approaches. There is also a need to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fungal resistance to inform effective solutions. The established fungal decontamination approaches are effective for medical device processing and sterilization, but the presence of pathogenic fungi in recalcitrant biofilms can lead to challenges, particularly during cleaning. Future design ideas for implantable and reusable medical devices should consider antifungal materials and appropriates for disinfection, and where it is relevant, sterilization. Preventing the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi on foods through the use of appropriate end-to-end processes is advisable, as mycotoxins are recalcitrant and challenging to eliminate once they have formed.

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