Antifungal Efficacy of Amphotericin B in Candida Albicans Endocarditis Therapy: Systematic Review

Bezerra, Lucas Soares; Silva, Janielli Assis da; Santos-Veloso, Marcelo Antônio Oliveira; Lima, Sandro Gonçalves de; Chaves-Markman, Ândrea Virgínia; Jucá, Moacir Batista

doi:10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0159

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is imperative to distinguish the difference between commensal and invasive virulent growth; invasion is distinct from superficial colonization as the former is accompanied by inflammatory signals, resulting from the activated immune response. Clinical cases presenting C. albicans infections of the urogenital tract [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], kidney [1,7,[9][10][11][12][13], liver [14,15], lungs [16][17][18], spleen [19,20] and even the heart [21][22][23][24][25][26] have been reported. In rare cases, mostly in neonates, C. albicans can traverse the blood-brain barrier, resulting in infections of the brain [27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acid Sensing and Assimilation by the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans in the Human Host

Silao

Ljungdahl

2021

Pathogens

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Nutrient uptake is essential for cellular life and the capacity to perceive extracellular nutrients is critical for coordinating their uptake and metabolism. Commensal fungal pathogens, e.g., Candida albicans, have evolved in close association with human hosts and are well-adapted to using diverse nutrients found in discrete host niches. Human cells that cannot synthesize all amino acids require the uptake of the “essential amino acids” to remain viable. Consistently, high levels of amino acids circulate in the blood. Host proteins are rich sources of amino acids but their use depends on proteases to cleave them into smaller peptides and free amino acids. C. albicans responds to extracellular amino acids by pleiotropically enhancing their uptake and derive energy from their catabolism to power opportunistic virulent growth. Studies using Saccharomyces cerevisiae have established paradigms to understand metabolic processes in C. albicans; however, fundamental differences exist. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9-based methods facilitate genetic analysis in C. albicans, and state-of-the-art molecular biological techniques are being applied to directly examine growth requirements in vivo and in situ in infected hosts. The combination of divergent approaches can illuminate the biological roles of individual cellular components. Here we discuss recent findings regarding nutrient sensing with a focus on amino acid uptake and metabolism, processes that underlie the virulence of C. albicans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acid Sensing and Assimilation by the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans in the Human Host

Silao

Ljungdahl

2021

Pathogens

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“…Except for flucytosine, which acts on DNA synthesis, classic therapies mainly target the cell wall and membrane metabolism (Zida et al, 2017). The main therapeutic compounds are represented by polyenes: amphotericin B (Bezerra et al, 2020) or nystatin (Khalandi et al, 2020); azoles, such as imidazoles (Grimling et al, 2020); triazoles, such as fluconazole (Khalandi et al, 2020); allylamines with terbinafine (Kastamonuluoglu et al, 2020); morpholines, such as amorolfine (Ghannoum et al, 2019); and thiocarbamates with tolnaftate (Emam et al, 2019). Additionally, the β-glucan synthetase pathway is targeted by numerous compounds, such as echinocandin (Zida et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sordarin— An anti‐fungal antibiotic with a unique modus operandi

Shao

Molestak

et al. 2022

British J Pharmacology

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Fungal infections cause serious problems in many aspects of human life, in particular infections in immunocompromised patients present serious problems. Current antifungal antibiotics target various metabolic pathways, predominantly the cell wall or cellular membrane metabolism. Numerous compounds are available to combat fungal infections, but their efficacy is far from satisfactory and some of them display high toxicity. The emerging antibiotic resistance represents a serious issue as well. Hence, there is a considerable need for new anti-fungal compounds with lower toxicity and higher effectiveness. One of the unique anti-fungal antibiotics is sordarin, the only known compound that acts on the fungal translational machinery per se. Sordarin inhibits protein synthesis at the elongation step of the translational cycle, acting on eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2. In this review, we deliver a robust scientific platform promoting the development of anti-fungal compounds, in particular focusing on the molecular action of sordarin.

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“…Surgical interventions and prosthetic materials used in congenital and acquired heart diseases increase the risk of IE [1][2][3][4][5]7,19]. Although it has been reported that the risk of IE increases, especially in patients with prosthetic valves, more than 25% of patients have a history of valve surgery in natural valve IE [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children with cancer may have multiple risk factors, such as tumor-related immunosuppression, nutritional deficiency, chemotherapy, and the presence of central catheters. The frequency of IE has increased significantly in patients in this group in recent years [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]19]. Twenty-three percent of our IE cases did not have structural heart disease and all of these patients had a history of central catheterization and received chemotherapy due to cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis in Children: A Five-Year, Single-Centre Retrospective Evaluation

Yılmaz¹,

Gürses²,

Kahraman³

2022

Cureus

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Introduction: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare disease with high mortality and morbidity. In recent years, an increase in the frequency of infective endocarditis has been observed due to the increase in the survival of cases with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) and the use of central catheters. In addition to revealing the incidence of IE in our clinic, this study aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics, predisposing factors, clinical, laboratory, microbiological, and echocardiographic findings, and the complications of follow-up of our patients diagnosed with IE in light of the literature.Material and methods: Thirteen patients with IE who were hospitalized in Pediatric Cardiology Clinic, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty Hospital between January 2016 and August 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients included in the study were evaluated in terms of demographic characteristics, predisposing factors, clinical, laboratory and microbiological findings, echocardiography data, surgical intervention needs, and complications. The incidence of IE in our clinic was defined as the rate of IE among patients admitted to the hospital and reported as the number of patients with IE per 100,000 hospital admissions.Results: The median age of these 13 patients was 11 (7-14) years, and the male/female ratio was 6/7. The five-year IE incidence in Pediatric Cardiology Clinic, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty Hospital, was found to be 2.5 in approximately 100,000 hospital admissions. A predisposing factor was detected in all patients. Six patients (46%) had CHDs, and four patients (31%) had acquired heart disease. The other three (23%) patients were receiving immunosuppressive therapy, and these patients had long-term port catheters. Eight (62%) patients had positive blood cultures. Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Brucella spp, and Candida albicans were isolated in the blood cultures of these patients. IE-related complications developed in seven (54%) patients. Five (38%) had heart failure, three patients (23%) had thromboembolic events, two (15%) had glomerulonephritis, and one (8%) had thrombophlebitis. Four patients were referred to early surgery. Two patients with recurrent IE attacks were referred to surgery after their treatment was completed. Conclusion:The incidence of IE has shown an increase recently with increased rates of survival attributable to corrective surgeries performed for congenital heart diseases, increased prosthetic materials used in cardiac surgeries, and increased use of permanent catheters. In our study, the incidence of IE was found to be 2.5 in 100,000 hospital admissions. Our results have shown that rheumatic heart diseases, besides CHDs, are still an important risk factor for Turkey. Due to the low number of cases in IE studies in the pediatric population, there is a need for further studies to be conducted in large series in this field.

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Antifungal Efficacy of Amphotericin B in Candida Albicans Endocarditis Therapy: Systematic Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Amino Acid Sensing and Assimilation by the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans in the Human Host

Amino Acid Sensing and Assimilation by the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans in the Human Host

Sordarin— An anti‐fungal antibiotic with a unique modus operandi

The Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis in Children: A Five-Year, Single-Centre Retrospective Evaluation

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