Antifungal and Larvicidal Activities of Phlorotannins from Brown Seaweeds

Abstract

Phlorotannins are secondary metabolites produced by brown seaweeds with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and larvicidal activities. Phlorotannins’ structures are formed by dibenzodioxin, ether and phenyl, ether, or phenyl linkages. The polymerization of phlorotannins is used to classify and characterize. The structural diversity of phlorotannins grows as polymerization increases. They have been characterized extensively with respect to chemical properties and functionality. However, review papers of the biological activities of phlorotannins have focused on their antibacterial and antiviral effects, and reviews of their broad antifungal and larvicidal effects are lacking. Accordingly, evidence for the effectiveness of phlorotannins as antifungal and larvicidal agents is discussed in this review. Online databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) were used to identify relevant articles. In total, 11 articles were retrieved after duplicates were removed and exclusion criteria were applied. Phlorotannins from brown seaweeds show antifungal activity against dermal and plant fungi, and larvicidal activity against mosquitos and marine invertebrate larvae. However, further studies of the biological activity of phlorotannins against fungal and parasitic infections in aquaculture fish, livestock, and companion animals are needed for systematic analyses of their effectiveness. The research described in this review emphasizes the potential applications of phlorotannins as pharmaceutical, functional food, pesticide, and antifouling agents.

Evaluation of Toxicity of Crude Phlorotannins and Phloroglucinol Using Different Model Organisms

“…The level of larvicidal and inhibitory effect of crude phlorotannin extracted from E. cava appears to be relatively lower than crude phlorotannin from some other brown seaweed species. Many studies have reported that marine macroalgae in the Phaeophyta group contain a number of biodynamic compounds with their respective cytotoxic properties [ 16 , 17 , 19 , 57 ]. Phlorotannin, as a bio-compound of brown seaweed, may also have a different bioactivity and toxicity, depending on several factors, including structural composition and molecular weight [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

“…Phlorotannins are also toxic to other organisms. Recent scientific reviews of the toxicity and larvicidal activity of phlorotannins in organisms have been compiled [ 16 , 17 ]. Larvicidal studies of phlorotannins in mosquito larvae have also been widely reported [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], as well as in some marine invertebrates, such as ascidians Ciona savignyi and Halocynthia roretzi [ 21 ]; tube-building polychaete, Hydroides elegans [ 22 ]; mussel, Mytilus edulis [ 23 ]; blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus [ 24 ]; barnacle, Balanus improvisus [ 9 ]; coral, Acropora millepora [ 25 ]; and brine shrimp, Artemia salina [ 26 ].…”

Effect of different extraction conditions on phlorotannin content and antioxidant activity of extract from brown algae ( Sargassum angustifolium )

“…These compounds are more concentrated in the epidermal cortex of algae, although they have also been found in the cell wall of marine macroalgae (Petchidurai et al, 2019). Various studies have shown that phlorotannins have various biological activities including antioxidant (Kang et al, 2011;Sathya et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2012), antibacterial (Vázquez-Rodríguez et al, 2021), antifungal (Negara et al, 2021), antiviral (Ahn et al, 2004;Kwon et al, 2013), antiparasitic (Haavisto et al, 2017), anti-cancer (Imbs & Zvyagintseva, 2018), anti-diabetic (Erpel et al, 2020;Lee & Jeon, 2013), antihypertensive (McFarlane et al, 2003), anti-proliferative (Nwosu et al, 2011), anti-inflammatory (Lopes et al, 2012), and anti-allergic activities (Shim et al, 2009).…”

“…These compounds are more concentrated in the epidermal cortex of algae, although they have also been found in the cell wall of marine macroalgae (Petchidurai et al., 2019). Various studies have shown that phlorotannins have various biological activities including antioxidant (Kang et al., 2011; Sathya et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2012), antibacterial (Vázquez‐Rodríguez et al., 2021), antifungal (Negara et al., 2021), antiviral (Ahn et al., 2004; Kwon et al., 2013), antiparasitic (Haavisto et al., 2017), anti‐cancer (Imbs & Zvyagintseva, 2018), anti‐diabetic (Erpel et al., 2020; Lee & Jeon, 2013), antihypertensive (McFarlane et al., 2003), anti‐proliferative (Nwosu et al., 2011), anti‐inflammatory (Lopes et al., 2012), and anti‐allergic activities (Shim et al., 2009). They also have enzymatic inhibitory effects such as inhibition of α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase (Lee et al., 2009), inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butylcholinesterase (BChE) (Massoulié et al., 1993), inhibition of angiotensin‐1 converting enzyme (ACE‐I) (Jung et al., 2006), inhibition of metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Kim et al., 2006), inhibition of hyaluronidases (Shibata et al., 2002), and inhibition of tyrosinase (Kang et al., 2004).…”

Fucosterol of Marine Macroalgae: Bioactivity, Safety and Toxicity on Organism

“…In Europe, brown macroalgae have been used to treat goiter and obesity [7]. In East Asia, brown macroalgae from the genera Laminaria, Undaria, and Sargassum (formerly Hizikia) are widely consumed daily and used as herb medicine [8][9][10][11][12]. Hence, the bioactive properties of brown macroalgae have drawn the attention of researchers.…”