Antifouling herbicides in the coastal waters of western Japan

Fate of Irgarol 1051, diuron and their main metabolites in two UK marine systems after restrictions in antifouling paints

“…2) suggesting slow degradation rate of Irgarol 1051 as mentioned before. Although the levels found in this study are consistent with other studies (Dahl and Blanck, 1996;Boxall et al, 2000;Okamura et al, 2003), the presence of diuron was unexpected considering the restrictions on its use in the UK. As a result, the likely explanation for its detection was the entrance both in the harbour and marina of vessels from countries where diuron is still in use.…”

“…Concentrations of M1 in Shoreham Harbour ranged between <0.9 and 22.7 ng g -1 , whereas in Brighton Marina between <0.9 and 5.6 ng g -1 which are in accordance with other studies (Thomas et al, 2000;Martinez and Barceló, 2001;Okamura et al, 2003). Mean concentrations of M1 were in all cases lower than those of the parent compound.…”

Existing and emerging cyanocidal compounds: new perspectives for cyanobacterial bloom mitigation

“…(a) persistence in sediments (up to 1 year) (Field et al 2003;Okamura et al 2003), and (b) non-selectivity, i.e. it can harm also other biota in aquatic ecosystems (Giacomazzi and Cochet 2004).…”

Distribution and Potential Effects of Novel Antifouling Herbicide Diuron on Coral Reefs

“…Diuron has been detected in marine environments from various regions such as western Japan (Okamura et al, 2003), the UK (Boxall et al, 2000), Spain (Ferrer and Barcelo, 1999;Martinez et al, 2000), The Nertherlands (Lamoree et al, 2002), and Sweden (Dahl and Blanck, 1996). Diuron can undergo abiotic degradation such as hydrolysis, photodegradation, as well as biotic degradation (Giacomazzi and Cochet, 2004).…”

“…In Japan, diuron has been extensively used in antifouling paints in shipping and agricultural activities (Okamura et al, 2003). In 2004 alone, ~11 tons of diuron was used for sugar cane crops in the Okinawa Prefecture, which was the highest amount of diuron used in Japan outside of the Tokyo metropolitan.…”