Antifatigue Effect of Panax Notoginseng Leaves Fermented With Microorganisms: In-vitro and In-vivo Evaluation

Abstract

Fatigue is a common physiological phenomenon caused by many complicated factors. Excessive fatigue will lead to a series of uncomfortable reactions and damage body health. Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) is a new resource food that good for soothing nerves, nourishing the heart, and strengthening the spleen. Microbial fermentation could increase the content of bio-ingredients and produce new active ingredients. However, the effect of fermented P. notoginseng leaves (FPNL) on antifatigue and the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the antifatigue effect of co-fermented P. notoginseng leaves by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis in-vitro and in-vivo, and its mechanism was further elucidated. The results showed that FPNL exhibited higher saponins, organic phenolic acids content, and antioxidant activity than PNL. FPNL improved ISO-induced H9c2 myocardial cell damage by alleviating apoptosis (modulating Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression) and reducing antioxidant activity in-vitro. Moreover, in-vivo experiment showed that FPNL significantly prolonged the weight-loading swimming time of mice. After gavaged FPNL, the levels of liver glycogen (LG) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were increased in mice. In contrast, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate acid, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased. In summary, our results indicated that FPNL showed a good antifatigue effect in-vivo and in-vitro.

An instant beverage rich in nutrients and secondary metabolites manufactured from stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng

“…Therefore, the SLPN-instant beverage manufactured from SLPN is rich in total saponins, polyphenols, ginsenosides and nutrition, shows a good antioxidation and might be neuroprotective in neurological disorders. Previous reports indicated that fermented SLPN increased liver glycogen and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity, decreased blood urea nitrogen, lactate acid, and malondialdehyde in mice, showed a good antifatigue effect and in vivo ( 45 ). SLPN saponins could inhibit abnormal autophagy and produce cardioprotective effects in mice ( 42 ).…”

“…The total saponin of SLPN could activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to attenuate excessive autophagy and apoptosis in myocardial cells in heart tissue induced by sleep deprivation ( 42 ). Furthermore, fermented P. notoginseng leaves could increase the content of secondary metabolites, and show a good antifatigue effect in vivo and in vitro ( 45 ), and the ethanol-induced metabolic perturbations are restored when treated by SLPN saponin ( 42 ). In our experiment, forty-three triterpenoid ginsenosides were identified in SLPN by UPLC-MS ( Supplementary Table 1 , Supplementary Figure 2A ).…”

Antifatigue effects and antioxidant activity in polysaccharide fractions from Chinese yam bulbils

“…The end‐product of anaerobic glycolysis (Yang et al., 2022 ), BLA accumulates during high‐intensity physical labor and inhibits muscle contraction to induce fatigue (Zhao et al., 2018 ). Thus, BLA is a crucial index of postexercise fatigue (Surhio et al., 2017 ).…”

“…Excess ROS breaks down polyunsaturated fatty acids to cause lipid peroxidation, producing MDA as a by‐product (Qi et al., 2014 ; Yang et al., 2014 , 2015 ; Zhou et al., 2022 ). Thus, fatigue increases MDA levels (Yang et al., 2022 ; Zhao et al., 2017 ).…”

Effects of Game-based Physical Education Program on Enjoyment in Children and Adolescents : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…It reveals that the pleasure experienced by both boys and girls increases after implementing two mixed units each week. However, when the exercise frequency is excessive, insu cient time for rest and recovery in children and adolescents may make lactic acid accumulate in the muscles and cause physical exhaustion (71,72). There is a detrimental impact on the individual's continuous engagement in physical exercises (73).…”