“…There is evidence that peripherally administered tamoxifen does indeed have central effects. For example, peripheral injections of monohydroxytamoxifen antagonize the estradiol-induced alterations in noradrenalin turnover in female rats (Hiemke, Poetz, and Ghraf, 1985), and peripherally administered tamoxifen blocks the estradiol-induced fivefold increase in dopamine turnover in the female rat medial basal hypothalamus (Toney and Katzenellenbogen, 1986). Thus, we predicted that if tamoxifen had its effects on the song system by acting in the brain, we would observe accumulation of tamoxifen or its metabolites in brain regions rich in estrogen-concentrating cells.…”