Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Grewia asiatica Linn. bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Abstract

BackgroundInspite of introduction of oral hypoglycemic agents, diabetes and its related complications remains to be a major clinical problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of Grewia asiatica (Linn) stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats.MethodsDiabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (110 mg/kg) in Norwegian Long Evans rats. Ethanol extract of barks from Grewia asiatica (GAE 200 and 400 mg/kg) and metformin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered once daily for 15 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights of rats were measured on 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of oral treatment. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed and blood sample were collected for the measurement of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), SGOT and CK-MB. Analysis of liver glycogen content and histopathlogy of pancreas were carried out. In vitro DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of GAE were also determined.ResultsAfter 15 days of oral administration of GAE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg increased survival rate and showed a significant attenuation in blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats. Oral ingestion of GAE significantly reduced the SGOT and CK-MB levels and restored liver glycogen content when compared to diabetic control. The effects of GAE on SGOT, CK-MB and liver glycogen content were dose-dependent. The diabetic rats treated with GAE showed significant improvement in normal cellular population size of islets. Phytochemical screening of GAE revealed the presence of flavonoid, steroid, tannin and phenolic compounds. Total phenolic content was 44.65 ± 3.17 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gm of GAE extract and the total flavonoid content was 39.11 ± 4.65 mg of quercetin equivalent per gm of GAE extract. In DPPH scavenging assay, IC50 values of GAE and ascorbic acid were found 76.45 and 12.50 μg/ml, respectively.ConclusionWe demonstrated that ethanol extract of barks from G. asiatica possess glucose, lipid lowering efficacy, restored liver glycogen and protects pancreas from oxidative damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thus, the results of the present study provide a scientific rationale for the use of G. asiatica in the management of diabetes and its related complications.

Influence of Ocimum sanctum (L.) Extract on the Activity of Gliclazide in Alloxan-induced Diabetes in Rats

“…Results exhibited that liver glycogen level was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in diabetic control as compared to healthy rats (Table 1). Reduction in glycogen synthetase and lower insulin levels are associated with lower glycogen in the liver [22]. Administration of gliclazide and OSE and their combination significantly (p < 0.05) raised the level of liver glycogen resulting in improved glucose metabolism.…”

Nutraceutical perspectives and value addition of phalsa (Grewia asiaticaL.): A review

“…However, based on the findings of Akhtar, Ihsan‐ul‐Haq, and Mirza (2018), TPC, and TFC in phalsa leaves averaged 30.20 ± 2.0 mg of GAE (gallic acid)/g DW and 9.90 ± 0.50 mg of QE/g DW, respectively. Other studies evaluating phalsa plant total phenolic and flavonoid content found the fruit contained 144.11 mg of GAE/g (TPC) and 4.608 mg of QE/g (TFC) (Srivastava, Kumar, & Vankar, 2012), the stem bark 44.65 ± 3.17 mg of GAE/g DW (TPC) and 3.9 ± 4.65 mg of QE/g DW (TFC) (Khatune, Rahman, Barman, & Wahed, 2016), the roots 11.00 ± 4.38 μg of GAE/ml (TPC), and 16.37 ± 6.43 μg of QE/ml (TFC) (Sharma, Manasi Malgaonkar, Sangvikar, Murthy, & Pawar, 2016), and the flowers 22.19 ± 0.42 µg of GAE/mg DW (TPC) and 52.31 ± 0.10 μg of QE/mg(TFC) (Shukla, Sharma, Pathak, & Bajpai, 2016).…”

“…The anti‐microbiological activity of tannins and tannin‐like substances are well documented. Markedly, phalsa have been found to contain tannins in numerous parts of the plant; the fruit, juice leaves, stem, root, and bark of the plant all contain tannins (Akhtar et al, 2018; Babu, Krishna, Ashwini, & Raju, 2017; Islary, Sarmah, & Basumatary, 2016; Khatune et al, 2016).…”

“…The fruit, leaves, stems, and roots of the phalsa plant have been found to contain many polyphenolic compounds that are directly associated with antioxidant activity. Accordingly, numerous studies have investigated, in some depth, the antioxidant activity of various parts of the phalsa plant using different in vitro and biological assays such as 2 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2 2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and LPO (see Table 2) (Abou Zeid, Mohammed, & Sleem, 2015; Akhtar et al, 2018; Babu et al, 2017; Islary et al, 2016; Khanal et al, 2016; Khatune et al, 2016; Sharma & Sisodia, 2009; 2016; Srivastava et al, 2012; Shukla et al, 2016a; Siddiqi, Naz, Ahmad, & Sayeed, 2011; Tiwari et al, 2014).…”

Effects of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. Leaf Extract on Glycolipid Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Diabetic Model Mice

“…Chronic hyperglycemia also termed glucose toxicity has a strong impact of damage on beta-islet cell failure which origins from high glucose-inducing superfluous reactive oxygen species to aggravate oxidative stress in body tissue [ 9 , 10 ]. There are also multiple abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism due to chronic hyperglycemia, including elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in serum in diabetes [ 11 ]. Liu et al [ 12 ] found that the improvement on glycolipid metabolism was related with the level of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic model mice.…”