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Despite the global preference for green extraction methods in the recovery of plant bioactives, Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit polyphenols (TTP) are yet to receive considerable attention. For the first time, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of TTP was optimized for total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) using the Box Behnken design of response surface methodology. Predictor variables were time, temperature, and liquid‐to‐solid ratio. An optimum solution with a desirability of 0.805 was selected and parameters were 43 min, 220°C, and 60 ml g−1 liquid‐to‐solid ratio, yielding TPC of 8.92 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of sample on dry weight basis (GAE g−1 dw−1) and AA of 70.35%. Purified, optimized TTP were characterized and quantified using HPLC/LC‐MS. PHWE mainly extracted rutin (379.04 µg g−1), cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (chloride) (299.55 µg g−1), naringenin 7‐O‐glucoside (240.11 µg g−1), p‐coumaric acid (177.28 µg g−1), isorientin (150.43 µg g−1), and gallic acid (118.06 µg g−1) whereas cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (chloride) (83.27 µg g−1), protocatechuic acid (61.37 µg g−1), rutin (28.03 µg g−1), and gallic acid (22.62 µg g−1) were mainly extracted by hot water extraction, which was a control. PHWE‐obtained TTP showed higher cellular antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity in human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2), and antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis than control. The potential mechanisms underlying the biological activities of some of the major polyphenols extracted were briefly discussed. Considering the wide use of the T. tetraptera (TT) fruit in Africa in foods and medicine, the use of more efficient green extraction methods such as PHWE is recommended. Practical Application This study serves as a baseline for optimizing pressurized hot water extraction, purification, identification, and quantification of Tetrapleura tetraptera polyphenols (TTP) and their biological activities, being the first of its kind. The varied biological effects shown can be exploited further for applications of TTP as nutraceutical agents and preservatives in foods in different forms. Also, the high amounts of gallic acid and other phenolic acids and flavonoids confirmed in this study make TTP good candidates for the development of metal–phenol network nanoparticles to enhance adequate solubility and distribution in food systems in light of the above proposed applications.
Despite the global preference for green extraction methods in the recovery of plant bioactives, Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit polyphenols (TTP) are yet to receive considerable attention. For the first time, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of TTP was optimized for total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) using the Box Behnken design of response surface methodology. Predictor variables were time, temperature, and liquid‐to‐solid ratio. An optimum solution with a desirability of 0.805 was selected and parameters were 43 min, 220°C, and 60 ml g−1 liquid‐to‐solid ratio, yielding TPC of 8.92 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of sample on dry weight basis (GAE g−1 dw−1) and AA of 70.35%. Purified, optimized TTP were characterized and quantified using HPLC/LC‐MS. PHWE mainly extracted rutin (379.04 µg g−1), cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (chloride) (299.55 µg g−1), naringenin 7‐O‐glucoside (240.11 µg g−1), p‐coumaric acid (177.28 µg g−1), isorientin (150.43 µg g−1), and gallic acid (118.06 µg g−1) whereas cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (chloride) (83.27 µg g−1), protocatechuic acid (61.37 µg g−1), rutin (28.03 µg g−1), and gallic acid (22.62 µg g−1) were mainly extracted by hot water extraction, which was a control. PHWE‐obtained TTP showed higher cellular antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity in human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2), and antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis than control. The potential mechanisms underlying the biological activities of some of the major polyphenols extracted were briefly discussed. Considering the wide use of the T. tetraptera (TT) fruit in Africa in foods and medicine, the use of more efficient green extraction methods such as PHWE is recommended. Practical Application This study serves as a baseline for optimizing pressurized hot water extraction, purification, identification, and quantification of Tetrapleura tetraptera polyphenols (TTP) and their biological activities, being the first of its kind. The varied biological effects shown can be exploited further for applications of TTP as nutraceutical agents and preservatives in foods in different forms. Also, the high amounts of gallic acid and other phenolic acids and flavonoids confirmed in this study make TTP good candidates for the development of metal–phenol network nanoparticles to enhance adequate solubility and distribution in food systems in light of the above proposed applications.
Dermatophytosis corresponds to a broad series of infections, mostly superficial, caused by a group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi called dermatophytes. These mycoses are currently considered to be a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here we compiled and discussed existing epidemiologic data on these infections in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on conventional diagnostic strategies and were published before the last taxonomic revision of dermatophytes. This has led to misidentifications, which might have resulted in the underestimation of the real burden of these infections in the MENA countries. Our analysis of the available literature highlights an urgent need for further studies based on reliable diagnostic tools and standard susceptibility testing methods for dermatophytosis, which represents a major challenge for these countries. This is crucial for guiding appropriate interventions and activating antifungal stewardship programs in the future. Highlights• Dermatophytosis is a major public health problem, especially in the Middle East and North Africa region.• Available trends likely reflect just the tip of the iceberg of challenges in the MENA region.• Changes in the epidemiology of dermatophytosis have been illustrated in the MENA region.• Existing data showed that AMR is projected to be on an increasing trend in the region.
Algumas espécies de fungos são capazes de provocar infecções micóticas. Uma dessas infecções, é a dermatofitose, causada por um grupo de fungos, denominados Dermatófitos que compreende os gêneros Trichophyton, Microsporum e Epidermophyton. O tratamento da doença é realizada utilizando antifúngicos convencionais. A emergência de cepas resistentes tem estimulado ao desenvolvimento de medicamentos naturais e ao emprego do gás ozônio. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar a atividade antifúngica de óleos essencias in natura e ozonizados frente ao Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATTC 9533. Foram empregados óleos essenciais in natura e ozonizados de Cinnamomum cassia, (L.) Presl), Eugenia caryphollata L. Merr. & L. M. Perry, Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt, Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. ex F. M. Bailey e Mentha piperita L., avaliados quanto a atividade antifúngica. Os óleos foram ozonizados em equipamento corona (Ozon & Life). Utilizou-se a técnica de microdiluição para avaliar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM). Foi determinada a cinética fungicida dos óleos essenciais. Os óleos de C. winterianus C. cassia e E. caryphollata, ozonizados se mostraram capazes de anular Trichophyton mentagrophytes com exposição de 5-10 minutos, mostrando-se mais eficientes que os de eucalipto e de menta De forma geral, os resultados evidenciaram a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais, apontando a possibilidade do uso na terapêutica antifúngica frente ao dermatófito avaliado. No entanto há necessidade de realização de estudos em relação à segurança no uso e de eficácia dos óleos essenciais.
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