Anticonvulsant responsive, episodic movement disorder in a German shorthaired pointer

Harcourt-Brown, Tom

doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00540.x

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In PNKD, a favorable response to benzodiazepines is observed in some cases. An episodic movement disorder in a German Shorthaired Pointer responded well to low dosages of both phenobarbital and potassium bromide …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

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Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Genetic Investigations

Stassen

Koskinen

Steenbeek

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundIn the last decade, a disorder characterized by episodes of involuntary movements and dystonia has been recognized in Border Terriers.ObjectivesTo define clinical features of paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD) in a large number of Border Terriers and to study the genetics of the disease.Animals110 affected and 128 unaffected client‐owned Border Terriers.MethodsA questionnaire regarding clinical characteristics of PD was designed at Utrecht University and the University of Helsinki. Thirty‐five affected Border Terriers underwent physical examination and blood testing (hematology and clinical biochemistry). Diagnostic imaging of the brain was performed in 17 affected dogs and electroencephalograms (EEG) between episodes were obtained in 10 affected dogs. A genomewide association study (GWAS) was performed with DNA of 110 affected and 128 unaffected dogs.ResultsOne hundred forty‐seven questionnaires were included in the study. The most characteristic signs during episodes were dystonia, muscle fasciculations, and falling over. The majority of owners believed that their dogs remained conscious during the episodes. A beneficial effect of anti‐epileptic therapy was observed in 29 of 43 dogs. Fifteen owners changed their dogs’ diet to a hypoallergenic, gluten‐free diet, and all reported reasonable to good improvement of signs. Clinical examinations and diagnostic test results were unremarkable. The GWAS did not identify significantly associated chromosome regions.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe survey results and EEG studies provided further evidence that the observed syndrome is a PD rather than epilepsy. Failure to achieve conclusive results by GWAS indicates that inheritance of PD in Border Terriers probably is complex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Paroxysmal dyskinesias are increasingly recognized in dogs. Both sporadic and familial cases of (suspected) paroxysmal dyskinesia have been reported . A deletion in the BCAN gene was identified as the cause of Episodic Falling Syndrome, a paroxysmal hypertonicity disorder, in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Genetic Investigations

Stassen

Koskinen

Steenbeek

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Furthermore, the unilateral focal movements described in the Boxer pups also suggests a different classification type of movement disorder than the Chinook dogs 3 . PKC/PKD was reported in a German Shorthaired Pointer 4 . As described in human PKC/PKD, the episodes in this dog appeared to be triggered by activity 6 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Characterization and Mode of Inheritance of a Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Chinook Dogs

Packer

Patterson

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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Background: Paroxysmal dyskinesias are episodes of abnormal, involuntary movement or muscle tone, distinguished from seizures by the character of the episode and lack of seizure activity on ictal EEG.Hypothesis: Paroxysmal dyskinesia is an inherited, autosomal recessive disorder in Chinook dogs. Animals: Families of Chinook dogs with paroxysmal dyskinesia. Methods: Pedigrees and medical histories were reviewed for 299 Chinook dogs. A family of 51 dogs was used for analysis. Episodes were classified as seizures, paroxysmal dyskinesia, or unknown, and segregation analysis was performed.Results: Paroxysmal dyskinesia was identified in 16 of 51 dogs and characterized by an inability to stand or ambulate, head tremors, and involuntary flexion of 1 or multiple limbs, without autonomic signs or loss of consciousness. Episode duration varied from minutes to an hour. Inter-ictal EEGs recorded on 2 dogs with dyskinesia were normal. Three dogs with dyskinesia also had generalized tonic-clonic seizures. One of 51 dogs had episodes of undetermined type. Phenotype was unknown for 6 of 51 dogs, and 28 dogs were unaffected. Segregation was consistent with an autosomal recessive trait.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This movement disorder is prevalent in the Chinook breed, and consistent with a partially penetrant autosomal recessive or polygenic trait. Insufficient evidence exists for definitive localization; episodes may be of basal nuclear origin, but atypical seizures and muscle membrane disorders remain possible etiologies. The generalized seizures may be a variant phenotype of the same mutation that results in dyskinesia, or the 2 syndromes may be independent.

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“…PxDs have been described in other canine breeds . In the majority of breeds with PxD affecting the limbs and trunk, the first episode of PxD is observed in the first year after birth .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs

Risio

Forman

Mellersh

et al. 2016

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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View Supplementary Video 1 View Supplementary Video 2 Background Episodic muscular hypertonicity in Norwich terrier dogs was first reported in a brief communication in 1984. Since then, the condition has remained poorly characterized. Objectives The aims of this study were to characterize the phenomenology, clinical course, and family history of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich terrier and to estimate its prevalence in the United Kingdom. Methods The owners of Norwich terrier dogs born since January 1, 2000 were invited to complete a specifically designed questionnaire aimed at identifying affected and unaffected dogs and investigating the clinical characteristics of this paroxysmal dyskinesia. Pedigrees were collected and reviewed. Results The questionnaire was returned for 198 Norwich terrier dogs. Of these, 26 (13%) were classified as affected by paroxysmal dyskinesia after revision of the questionnaires and after obtaining videos of the episodes, veterinary medical records, and telephone interviews with the owners. All dogs were neurologically normal between episodes. No significant abnormalities were detected on diagnostic investigations. Mean age at the first episode was 3 years. The episodes were characterized by sustained muscular hypertonicity in the pelvic limbs, lumbar region, and thoracic limbs, impairing posture and locomotion without loss of consciousness. Episode frequency varied both between and within individuals. Stress, anxiety, excitement, and variation in daily routine were recognized as episode triggers in 13 dogs. Episode duration generally was from 2 to 5 minutes (range, from < 2 to 30 minutes). The majority of affected dogs were related. Conclusions Paroxysmal dyskinesia segregates in an extended pedigree of Norwich terrier dogs and thus is potentially an inherited disorder in this breed.

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Anticonvulsant responsive, episodic movement disorder in a German shorthaired pointer

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Genetic Investigations

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Genetic Investigations

Characterization and Mode of Inheritance of a Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Chinook Dogs

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs

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