Anticholinesterase Intoxication in Man and its Treatment

Stoichiometric and catalytic scavengers as protection against nerve agent toxicity: A mini review

“…Additionally, an oxime such system. Theoretically, this approach would avoid the side as pyridinium-2-aldoxime (pralidoxime, or 2-PAM) is effects commonly associated with current therapies (de given; the oxime serves as a nucleophile, reacting Candoleetal., 1953;Stewart, 1959;Grob, 1963; Stewart with the inhibited (phosphoylated) enzyme to displace and Anderson, 1968;Bajgar et al, 1971; Brimblecombe, the phosphyl group at the active site serine residue 1977; Somani et al, 1992;Taylor, 2001; Mesulam et and restore normal AChE activity (Ballantyne and al., 2002). As a prophylactic, human proteins can proMarns, 1992).…”

“…For example, cholinolytics such as atropine, (Heffron and Hobbiger, 1979)). For these reasons, efforts given in the absence of a cholinergic crisis, can cause to identify candidate bioscavengers have focused priimpairment of central nervous system function due to marily on plasma-derived HuBuChE ; blockade of muscarinic receptors (Grob, 1963;Somani Saxena et al, 2005;Sun et al, 2005;Doctor and Saxena, et al, 1992). Similarly, oximes have been reported to 2005), although preliminary efforts with r-HuBuChE are produce transient dizziness, headache, and increases in ongoing (Cerasoli et al, 2005a).…”

An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Intramuscular Atropine or Homatropine Eyedrops in Preventing the Effects of Physostigmine Eyedrops on Human Vision

“…The amplitude of accommodation caused by organophosphorus anticholinesterases, however, remains uncertain. Spasm of accommodation or blurring of vision has frequently been stated to occur (Wood, 1950;Grob, 1956Grob, , 1963Grob & Harvey, 1958;Cullumbine, 1963;Smith, Stavinoha & Ryan, 1968;); but, of those who have actually measured accommodation, the results are varied. Scholz & Wallen (1946) and Upholt, Quinby, Batchelor & Thompson (1957) described an appreciable increase in accommodation with DFP and TEPP (tetraethylpyrophosphate), respectively, while Kilby & Kilby (1947) reported spasm of accommodation for DFP which actually amounted to only ca.…”

The Effect of Acute and Chronic Treatment With Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate on Cholinesterase Activities of Some Tissues of the Rat

“…1961;Russell. Watson and Frankenluieuser, 1961;Grob, 1963). By treating rats with l,3-bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridiniu?n) propane dibromido (C434), a eompotmd which protects the cnz\'ine against diisopropyl thioropho.sphate (DFP) and reactivates phosplior>lated choline.sterase but does nol: pass the blood-brain barrier (Berry, Davies and Creen, 1959), it ha.s been possible to proteet the anhnals against the initial s\.steiuic toxieity of DFP and to measure changes in cholincsteiusc of nmstic, adrenal giant!, retina and regions of tiie brain after single or repeated injections of DFP.…”