Anticancer Therapeutics: Targeting Macromolecules and Nanocarriers to Hyaluronan or CD44, a Hyaluronan Receptor

Abstract

The complex system involved in the synthesis, degradation, and binding of the high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan or HA) provides a variety of structures that can be exploited for targeted cancer therapy. In many cancers of epithelial origin there is an up-regulation of CD44, a receptor that binds HA. In other cancers, HA in the tumor matrix is over-expressed. Both CD44 on cancer cells and HA in the matrix have been targets for anti-cancer therapy. Even though CD44 is expressed in normal epithelial cells and HA is part of the matrix of normal tissues, selective targeting to cancer is possible. This is because macromolecular carriers predominantly extravasate into the tumor and not normal tissue; thus CD44-HA targeted carriers administered intravenously localize preferentially into tumors. Anti-CD44 antibodies have been used in patients to deliver radioisotopes or mertansine for treatment of CD44 expressing tumors. In early phase clinical trials, patients with breast or head and neck tumors treated with anti-CD44 conjugates experienced stabilized disease. A dose-limiting toxicity was associated with distribution of the antibody-drug conjugate to the skin, a site in the body with a high level of CD44. HA has been used as a drug carrier and a ligand on liposomes or nanoparticles to target drugs to CD44 over-expressing cells. Drugs can be attached to HA via the carboxylate on the glucuronic acid residue, the hydroxyl on the Nacetylglucosamine, or the reducing end which are located on a repeating disaccharide. Drugs delivered in HA-modified liposomes exhibited excellent anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in murine tumor models. The HA matrix is also a potential target for anti-cancer therapies. By manipulating the interaction of HA with cell surface receptors, either by degrading it with hyaluronidase or by interfering with CD44-HA interactions using soluble CD44 proteins, tumor progression was blocked. Finally, cytotoxic drugs or pro-drug converting enzymes can be attached to the HA matrix to generate a cytotoxic fence around the tumor. This review describes how the complex interplay among cancer biology, the CD44-HA interaction, drug carriers and drug targeting has been used to improve anti-cancer therapies. As these approaches evolve, they hold forth the prospect of significantly improved targeted anti-cancer treatments. KeywordsAntibody; Biodistribution; Cancer; Chemotherapy; Drug-conjugate; EPR effect; Liposome; Polymer; Prodrug; Recombinant Protein The Biology of the CD44-Hyaluronan InteractionHyaluronan (HA) (Figure 1) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan, extracellular matrix component essential for proper cell growth, organ structural stability, and tissue organization. The amount of HA in a tissue depends upon on a complex interplay among HA synthesis by HA synthases, 1 HA internalization by cell surface receptors, 2 Interference with the CD44-HA interaction by either targeting drugs to CD44, 14 targeting drugs to the HA matrix 15 or interfering with HA ma...

Hyaluronic Acid Bioconjugates for the Delivery of Bioactive Molecules

“…Furthermore, beside this targeting advantage, HA-drug conjugates provide advantages in terms of drug solubilization, stabilization, localization and controlled release. Platt and Szoka reviewed a number of HA-drug conjugates for selective CD44 receptor-mediated cell internalization by cells [27]. Once internalized, intracellular enzymes hydrolyze the hydrolytically labile HA-drug bond, thus releasing the drug inside the target cell [28][29][30].…”

“…Beyond paclitaxel, other anticancer agents were successfully linked to HA, aiming to overcome toxicity and to confer new physico-chemical characteristics [27,28,[46][47][48]. Adipic acid dihydrazide and succinic anhydride were used as spacers to connect 5-fluro uracil (5-FU) to HA, reaching a loading of 8 mol %.…”

Probable biofilm formation in the cheek as a complication of soft tissue filler resulting from improper endodontic treatment of tooth 16

“…For instance, hyaluronic acid has been used to transport chemotherapeutic drugs. 8 It has been shown to be useful when administered intraperitoneally for improving the effects of paclitaxel in gastric cancer. 9 Furthermore, an experimental study of hyaluronic acid-conjugated butyric acid has showed rapid cellular uptake in a human breast carcinoma cell line.…”

Hyaluronan in the Skin and Its Correlation with Dermatopathology

“…Ahrens et al reported that the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, is a mediator for proliferation and metastasis of malignant melanoma (40). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that proliferation and metastasis of tumors can be suppressed by administering anti-CD44 antibodies to the body, and the clinical application of this method has been rapidly promoted (41).…”