Novel nitro oxide (NO)-donating N-hydroxycinnamamide derivatives 12a-j were designed and synthesized by coupling the carboxyl group of N-hydroxycinnamamides with phenylsulfonylfuroxan through various diols or alkylol amines, and their in vitro biological activities were evaluated. It was discovered that most of target compounds showed good histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibition and anti-tumor activities, particularly for 12j, which had great HDACs inhibitory activities (IC 50 s 0.15-0.26 µM) and antiproliferative effects (IC 50 s 3.21-7.12 µM) comparable to suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) (IC 50 s 0.16-1.41 µM for HDACs, IC 50 s 3.15-7.45 µM for cancer cell inhibition). Furthermore, compound 12j with strong antitumor activities produced high levels of NO (up to 8.0 µM of nitrites/nitrates) in colon cancer cells, and its antiproliferative activity was nearly half-diminished by hemoglobin (10 µM), an NO scavenger. These results suggest that the strong antiproliferative activity of 12j could be attributed to the additive effects of high levels of NO production and inhibition of HDAC in the cancer cells.Key words nitro oxide; histone deacetylase inhibitor; furoxan; N-hydroxycinnamamide; anti-tumor agent Pharmacological targeting of proteins that regulate epigenetics has emerged as a promising therapeutic area of study.1,2) Epigenetic or chromatin modification is recognized by nonhistone proteins and is a code of gene expression. Among the various histone modifiers, Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) are two reversible enzymes regulating histone acetylation status and executing the acetylation and deacetylation of the lysine residues at the amino terminal of histones.3) However, abnormal HDAC overexpression has been found to be involved in the development of several kinds of human cancers, including myeloid neoplasia and solid tumors. 4) Recent studies have shown that acetylation of non-histone proteins is also relevant for tumorigenesis, cancer cell proliferation, and immune functions.5) Consequently, histone deacetylases are considered to be important targets in the development of anticancer agents, and in recent years considerable attention has been paid to HDAC inhibitors (HDACI) as anticancer agents. [6][7][8] There has been a high level of interest in developing smallmolecule HDACI, and numerous structurally diverse HDACI have been developed as potential anticancer agents, which are grouped chemically into four classes: hydroxamic acids, benzamides, cyclic tetrapeptides, and short-chain fatty acids.9) The common pharmacophore of these HDACI consists of three domains: a zinc-binding group (ZBG), such as hydroxamic acid; a cap group, generally a hydrophobic and aromatic group; a saturated or unsaturated linker domain, composed of linear or cyclic structures that connect the ZBG and the cap group. Up to now, two of these HDACI, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Fig. 1) and cyclic peptide Romidepsin (FK228), have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) f...