Anticancer effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by varying entry time of ion carriers against A431 skin cancer cells in vitro

Abstract

Although, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZRTs) as an anti-cancer agent have been the subject of numerous studies, none of the reports has investigated the impact of the reaction entry time of ion-carriers on the preparation of ZRTs. Therefore, we synthesized variants of ZRTs by extending the entry time of NaOH (that acts as a carrier of hydroxyl ions) in the reaction mixture. The anti-proliferative action, morphological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and nuclear apoptosis of ZRTs on human A431 skin carcinoma cells were observed. The samples revealed crystallinity and purity by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of ZRT-1 (5 min ion carrier entry) and ZRT-2 (10 min ion carrier entry) revealed microtubule like morphology. On prolonging the entry time for ion carrier (NaOH) introduction in the reaction mixture, a relative ascent in the aspect ratio was seen. The typical ZnO band with a slight shift in the absorption maxima was evident with UV-visible spectroscopy. Both ZRT-1 and ZRT-2 exhibited non-toxic behavior as evident by RBC lysis assay. Additionally, ZRT-2 showed better anti-cancer potential against A431 cells as seen by MTT assay, ROS generation and chromatin condensation analyses. At 25 μM of ZRT-2, 5.56% cells were viable in MTT test, ROS production was enhanced to 166.71%, while 33.0% of apoptotic cells were observed. The IC50 for ZRT-2 was slightly lower (6 μM) than that for ZRT-1 (8 μM) against A431 cells. In conclusion, this paper presents a modest, economical procedure to generate ZRT nano-structures exhibiting strong cytotoxicity against the A431 cell line, indicating that ZRTs may have application in combating cancer.

ZnO nanomaterials target mitochondrial apoptosis and mitochondrial autophagy pathways in cancer cells

“…The effects of ZRT‐1 and ZRT‐2 on human A431 skin cancer cells were then evaluated, including antiproliferative effects, morphological changes, ROS production, and nuclear apoptosis. The results demonstrate that different forms of ZRTs exhibit varying anticancer effects 46 . Furthermore, combining ZnO NPs with a dextran grafted polyacrylamide carrier can enhance apoptosis induction in vitro in prostate cancer cells.…”

“…Another study revealed that ZnO NPs (ZRts) exert antiproliferative effects, induce morphological changes, ROS production, and nuclear apoptosis in the human skin cancer cell line A431. Among the ZRts, ZRt‐2 demonstrated superior anticancer potential on A431 cells 46 . Furthermore, ZnO NPs selectively induced apoptosis in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma cells (DLBCL) and modulated their transcriptome.…”

“…Among the ZRts, ZRt-2 demonstrated superior anticancer potential on A431 cells. 46 Furthermore, ZnO NPs selectively induced apoptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells (DLBCL) and modulated their transcriptome. The targeting of B cell receptor signaling pathway and NF-κB pathway facilitated DLBCL cell apoptosis.…”

Synthesis and characterization of 4‐nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO‐based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

“…Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a major physiological process that maintains tissue homeostasis by removing damaged and/or premalignant cells [71]. Apoptosis is a pivotal factor that plays a major role in suppressing tumor growth [39].…”

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Camellia sinensis Leaf Extract: Promising Particles for the Treatment of Cancer and Diabetes

“…[9] These nanoparticles exhibit unique physicochemical properties, including size-dependent reactivity and enhanced surface area, which make them attractive candidates for therapeutic applications. [10] These nanoparticles exhibit excellent antimicrobial, [11] anticancer, [12,13] and antidiabetic [14] properties, making them promising candidates for therapeutic interventions. To harness the potential of AgNPs for addressing cancer and diabetes, researchers have explored various methods of nanoparticles synthesis [15] including physical, chemical, and biological methods.…”