Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Ganoderma lucidum Extract Effects on Melanoma and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment

Abstract

Among the most important traditional medicinal fungi, Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer, in Oriental countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-metastatic activities of Ganoderma lucidum extracts in melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer cells. Ganoderma lucidum extracts were prepared by using common organic solvents; MDA-MB 231 and B16-F10 cell lines were adopted as cellular models for triple-negative breast cancer and melanoma and characterized for cell viability, wound-healing assay and measurement of cytokines secreted by cancer cells under pro-inflammatory conditions (incubation with lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and pretreatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract at different concentrations. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, how Ganoderma lucidum extracts can significantly inhibit the release of IL-8, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cancer cells under pro-inflammatory condition. Interestingly, Ganoderma lucidum extracts significantly also decrease the viability of both cancer cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with abilities to reduce cell migration over time, which is correlated with a lower release of matrix metalloproteases. Taken together, these results indicate the possible use of Ganoderma lucidum extract for the therapeutic management of melanoma and human triple-negative breast cancer.

Connection of Ganoderma Lucidum with Health

“…However, among these, triterpenoids and polysaccharides (β-glucan, in particular) are the most important components that contribute to anticancer functions. 15,[47][48][49] G. lucidum extracts present an anticarcinogenic effect on different cancer cell lines. 10 Recent studies demonstrate many mechanisms where G. lucidum extracts present anticancer activities.…”

“…10 Recent studies demonstrate many mechanisms where G. lucidum extracts present anticancer activities. 10,49 Such mechanisms are summarized as follows:…”

“…The possible mechanisms for its anti-inflammatory effect were found to be associated with reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lipid peroxidation levels and regulation of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. 49,[59][60][61] Immunomodulation activity…”

“…62 Many studies showed the immunomodulator effect of GL-PS, in particular by affecting the immune cells or by directly affecting the tumor cells. [47][48][49] Furthermore, G. lucidum may safely increase chemotherapeutic efficiency (boosting the chemotherapeutic effect by increasing the dose of chemotherapeutic drug accumulated on the cell). 63 A study found that G. lucidum polysaccharides increase the effect of cyclophosphamide and cisplatin and may provide a protection against bone marrow suppression.…”

Histopathological Study and Effect of Β-Glucan as Immunomodulater in Mice Infected by Absidia spp.

“…These immunomodulatory properties primarily depend on the source they have been extracted from; studies conducted in animals and humans and confirmed that the oral administration of yeast β-glucans had a greater effect on the immune system than grain-derived β-glucans (Vetvicka and Vetvickova, 2016). β-glucan is active in all species from earth-worms to humans, and is able to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity (Novak and Vetvicka, 2008) and inhibit the development of cancer (Sima et al, 2015, Barbieri et al, 2017. Prebiotic β-glucan has no harmful effect on liver and kidney functions and can be considered as immunopotentiator (immunostimulant) due to its stimulation of immune system and it has ability to reduce the adverse effect of microbial infection in rats (Somia et al, 2018).…”