Anticancer activity of Adiantum capillus veneris and Pteris quadriureta L. in human breast cancer cell lines

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide that costs lives of millions of people every year. Plant products with potential anticancer activities have become a vital source of novel agents in treating cancer. Adiantum capillus veneris (ACV) and Pteris Quadriureta (PQ) are such traditional herbs with potential pharmacological properties. In this study, both crude methanol extract and gold nanoparticles of ACV and PQ were tested for their anticancer activities in MCF7 and BT47 cell lines. By using GC-MS, we have identified 23 and 28 bioactive compounds in ACV and PQ respectively. We analysed the effects of ACV and PQ nanoparticles on various proteins involved in cell cycle and apoptosis using western blotting and PCR. With the help of flow cytometry, we measured number of cells undergoing apoptosis. We found that both the crude extract and nanoparticles have anti-proliferative and apoptosis inducing properties against MCF7 and BT47 cell lines. We also performed molecular docking to check whether there were any interactions between proteins involved in apoptosis and cell cycle and bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts. By using docking analysis, we also showed that phytol and eicosapentaenoic acid present in ACV and PQ interact with Bcl2 and cyclin D1. These findings demonstrate that ACV and PQ possess anticancer activities by modulating proteins involved in cell cycle and apoptosis. ACV and PQ that effectively modulate various oncogenic molecules can be used as promising agent for cancer therapy.

Drug Delivery of Natural Products Through Nanocarriers for Effective Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

“… -Sorbitol -3- O -methyl-D-glucose -1,3:4,6-dimethylene-D-glycero-D-mannoheptitol -3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol -Phytol -Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester -N-hexadecanoic acid -8,11-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester -17-octadecynoic acid, methyl ester -9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride, (Z,Z)- -Octadecanoic acid -Squalene -Lupeol -DL-.alpha.-tocopherol -Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl -Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3,16,21-trihydroxy-gamma.-lactone, (3.beta.,16) -Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta. )- -Olean-13(18)-ene -7,22-ergostadienone -Lupan-3-ol, acetate -Stigmasta-4,22-diene [ 136 ] Pteris quadriaurita Leaves Methanol -Gold nanoparticles -MCF-7 cell line -BT-47 cell line -0–125 µg/mL -0–500 µg/mL -9 µg/mL (24 h) -460 µg/mL (24 h) -↑ Cytotoxicity a -↑ Anti-proliferative activity a -↑ Cell cycle arrest-inducing activity a -↑ Pro-apoptotic activity a -N/A -Phytol -2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- -1.4-eicosadiene -Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester -1-hexadecen-3-ol, 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl- -N-hexadecanoic acid -Linoleic acid ethyl ester -9.12-octadecadienoyl chloride, (Z,Z)- -Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester -(R)-(-)-14-methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol -Octadecanoic acid -5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid -Palmitoyl chloride -4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide -1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane -Heptacosane -Eicosane, 9-octyl- -Indan, 1-methyl-3-nonyl- -Heptasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- -2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridec -Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- -Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3.beta. )- -Stigmastan-3,5-diene -DL-.alpha.-tocopherol -Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- -Olean-13(18)-ene [ 136 ] Annona muricata Fruits Ethanol -Solid lipid nanoparticles -MCF-7 cell line -6.25–100 µg/mL -12 µg/mL (24 h) -↑ Cytotoxicity a -↑ Pro-apoptotic activity a …”

“…)- -Olean-13(18)-ene -7,22-ergostadienone -Lupan-3-ol, acetate -Stigmasta-4,22-diene [ 136 ] Pteris quadriaurita Leaves Methanol -Gold nanoparticles -MCF-7 cell line -BT-47 cell line -0–125 µg/mL -0–500 µg/mL -9 µg/mL (24 h) -460 µg/mL (24 h) -↑ Cytotoxicity a -↑ Anti-proliferative activity a -↑ Cell cycle arrest-inducing activity a -↑ Pro-apoptotic activity a -N/A -Phytol -2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- -1.4-eicosadiene -Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester -1-hexadecen-3-ol, 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl- -N-hexadecanoic acid -Linoleic acid ethyl ester -9.12-octadecadienoyl chloride, (Z,Z)- -Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester -(R)-(-)-14-methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol -Octadecanoic acid -5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid -Palmitoyl chloride -4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide -1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane -Heptacosane -Eicosane, 9-octyl- -Indan, 1-methyl-3-nonyl- -Heptasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- -2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridec -Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- -Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3.beta. )- -Stigmastan-3,5-diene -DL-.alpha.-tocopherol -Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- -Olean-13(18)-ene [ 136 ] Annona muricata Fruits Ethanol -Solid lipid nanoparticles -MCF-7 cell line -6.25–100 µg/mL -12 µg/mL (24 h) -↑ Cytotoxicity a -↑ Pro-apoptotic activity a -N/A -Alkaloids -Cardiac glycosides -Flavonoids -Phenols -Reducing sugars -Steroids -Terpenoids [ 155 ] Peels Deionised distilled water -Silver nanoparticles -AMJ-13 cell line -25 µg/mL -17.34 µg/mL -17.34 µg/mL (N/A) ...…”

“… 134 , 135 Importantly, Pteris is known to be rich in ent -kaurane diterpenoids, a compound class whose members often possess good anti-cancer activity. 135 For example, Pteris quadriaurita (striped brake fern) has been reported to exhibit anti-cancer activity 136 in addition to anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-haemolytic and antioxidant activities. 137 …”

“…The methanolic leaf extracts of both A. capillus-veneris and P. quadriaurita have demonstrated anti-cancer activities against BC cell lines. 136 In the same study, the researchers synthesised gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from these extracts and evaluated the effects of the resulting AuNPs on MCF-7 and BT-47 BC cell lines. Only P. quadriaurita AuNPs were found to possess greater cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells than its free extract (IC 50 values of 9 µg/mL vs 380 µg/mL).…”

Synthesis of zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles using ficus palmata - Forssk leaf extracts and assessment of antibacterial activity

“…Similarly, leaves of Ficus carica have been reported to possess reducing as well as capping agents that can reduce harmful Ag + ions in to Ag 0 ions [19]. Nano-dimensional silver [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and zinc oxide [28][29][30][31][32] prepared by green synthesis routes have been reported recently with high antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer activities [27][28][29][30][31][32].…”