Antibody Tests: Sensing of COVID‐19 Antibodies in Seconds via Aerosol Jet Nanoprinted Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide‐Coated 3D Electrodes (Adv. Mater. 7/2021)

Abstract

In article number 2006647, Rahul Panat and co‐workers report the development of a 10‐second COVID‐19 antibody test that represents the fastest detection of this pathogen biomarker. The test uses an electrochemical cell consisting of aerosol jet nanoprinted 3D micropillar electrodes coated with reduced graphene oxide and viral antigens. This generic platform could be a game‐changer in controlling the spread of infectious diseases during pandemics.

Graphene-based hybrid electrical-electrochemical point-of-care device for serologic COVID-19 diagnosis

“… Detection method Device components LOD Sensitivity Accuracy/κ coefficient Reference LFIA Paper strip/colloidal AuNP Not informed 69.1% κ = 0.612 Wen et al (2020) ELISA NovaLisa SARS-CoV-2 test 0.18 a.u. 94.9% Not informed Tré-Hardy et al (2020) Electrochemical COVID-19 ePAD/SWV 0.96 ng mL -1 100% κ = 0.881 Yakoh et al (2021) SERS/LFIA SERS-based LFIA/Ag@SiO 2 1.0 pg mL -1 Not informed 100% Liu et al (2021) Electrochemical 3D nanoprinted electrodes/rGO, Spike S1 subunit 2.8 × 10 -15 mol L -1 1.0 × 10 -12 mol L -1 Not informed Ali et al (2021) LFIA Paper strip/Selenium NPs bioconjugate 5.0 ng mL -1 93.33% Not informed Wang et al (2020) LISA N protein 0.4 pg mL -1 71% Not informed Liang et al (2021) Colorimetric Epitope functionalized AuNPs 3.2 nmol L -1 83% Not informed ...…”

“…There are different materials that can be used as a main constituent of these devices, as glassy carbon, screen printed carbon electrodes, pristine graphene, and graphene derivatives (e.g., oxidized graphene). Graphene has attracted much attention for biosensors design due to its high biocompatibility and chemical stability ( Jiang et al, 2020 ; Roy et al, 2017 ) Graphene-based devices are promising and fit many of the biosensing requirements owing to its expressive sensitivity, ability to reach lower LODs, rapidness, simplicity of operation, and possibility to perform biofunctionalization to improve selectivity ( Ali et al, 2021 ; Hashemi et al, 2021 ; Mattioli et al, 2021 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ; Yakoh et al, 2021 ). For instance, serologic detections of IgG and IgM antibodies through RBD SARS-CoV-2 antigen, as well as other SARS-CoV-2 genes using graphene-based electrochemical devices have been reported( Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ).…”

“…For instance, serologic detections of IgG and IgM antibodies through RBD SARS-CoV-2 antigen, as well as other SARS-CoV-2 genes using graphene-based electrochemical devices have been reported( Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ). The so called “reduced graphene oxide” as a coating material for 3D electrodes aiming COVID-19 antibodies sensing in a microfluidic assay have also been reported ( Ali et al, 2021 ). These devices frequently involve functionalization procedures, as pristine graphene present sluggish electron transfer kinetics ( Brownson et al, 2014 ; Macedo et al, 2019 ).…”

Rapid biosensing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccinated healthy donors

“…Although optics, probes, or microfluidic-based platforms allow a faster readout, the existing methods still require a minimum of half an hour to acquire results ( Funari et al, 2020 ; Swank et al, 2021 ; Tan et al, 2020 , Tan et al, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2021 ). Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors allow BAbs detection in seconds, but their use in clinical practice awaits proof ( Ali Md, et al, 2021 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ). Existing assays for NAbs detection include the S-ECD pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus assay and vector-based neutralization assay ( Nie et al, 2020 ), both of which require a biosafety level-3 operating environment and the use of cells or real viruses for testing, and a more convenient surrogate virus neutralization test that shows equivalent sensitivity and specificity to the classic NAbs assay ( Tan et al, 2020 ).…”

Microfluidic sensors based on two-dimensional materials for chemical and biological assessments

“…Antibodies against the S1 virus spike and antigen RBD were found at analytical sensitivity levels of 1 x 10 -12 and 1 x 10 -15 m, respectively. This device is generic, and it can detect biomarkers for various infections such as Zika, Ebola and HIV 138 . Sindre et al developed a labelfree biosensor for sensitive, fast, label-free, and amplification-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 using graphene as a working electrode integrated onto a flex printed circuit board (FPCB).…”