Antibody responses to meningococcal (groups A, C, Y and W135) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in children who previously received meningococcal C conjugate vaccine

Meningococcal serogroup W135 in the African meningitis belt: epidemiology, immunity and vaccines

“…Saudi Arabia (2003) 6 months-4 years 377 Sporadic nd 0-12% 0.7-1.0 [140] USA 12-22 months 27 Sporadic <1 19% ≤ 0.2 [124] Finland (1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992) 6-23 months 118 Sporadic nd (2.5-3 log 2 ) nd [123] USA (1982-1983) 2-12 years 70 Sporadic <1 [107] nd GMT 0.04 [127] USA 2-3 years 77 Sporadic <1 [107] <5% 0.1 [105] USA 2-10 years 1375 Sporadic <1 53% nd [103] UK (2003-2004) 2-3 years Sporadic 1.5 48% nd [108,126] France 3-13 years 21 Sporadic nd 57% nd [100] Saudi Arabia (2003) 5-9 years 240 Sporadic nd 13% 0.3 [92,105] Yugoslavia 14-17 years 60 Sporadic nd (4.3 log 2 ) n d [99] USA 11-18 years 88 Sporadic <1 [107] 65% nd [104] The Netherlands 11-62 years 46 Sporadic nd GMT 29 37 [106] USA 18-49 years 25 Sporadic <1 [107] 15% 0.2 [105] USA >17 years 30 Sporadic <1 [107] (<1 log 2 ) n d [140] Austria 19-27 years 40 Sporadic nd (<3.3 log 2 ) n d [101] USA (1997-1998) 18-55 years 90 Sporadic <1 [107] 40% 0.5 [102] USA 25-43 years 30 Sporadic <1 [107] (3 log 2 ) n d [141] Russia 33-42 years 15 Sporadic nd nd 2 [142] *Ranges describe variation within age groups. GMT: Geometric mean titer; Ig: Immunoglobulin; nd: Not determined; SBA: Serum bacterial antibody.…”

“…Quadrivalent conjugate vaccines are not currently licensed for young children. Studies among older children of one dose of conjugate vaccine also have yielded inconsistent results with 40-95% of children having presumably protective SBA titers 1 month after vaccination [103,105,126]. In one study, immune responses were followed over several months after vaccination and titers were found to increase up to 6 months later, when 50% of children were protected [105].…”

Update on the Use of Quadrivalent Conjugate Meningococcal Vaccines

“…Men-C-ACYW-135-CRM with and without adjuvant has been used after meningococcal C conjugate vaccines resulting in an excellent booster response to serogroup C. (28) (32) Similarly, Men-C-ACYW-135-D (Menactra™) has been shown to induce an excellent booster response after meningococcal C conjugate vaccination. (48) The unconjugated bivalent (serogroups A and C) or quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccines are often used after conjugate vaccines to simulate exposure to disease and induce a good booster immune response. (19) (21)(23)(28)(31) Therefore, based on expert opinion, if a quadrivalent product is chosen for the adolescent dose of meningococcal vaccine, Men-C-ACYW-135-CRM (Menveo™) or Men-C-ACYW-135-D (Menactra™) may be used, regardless of what meningococcal vaccine was previously used.…”

Meningococcal disease in travelers

“…MCV4 vaccines have also recently been approved for use in infants and young children by the EMA and the FDA. Table 1 [56,57,[74][75][76][77] provides an overview on MCV4 product characteristics, availability and dosage according to age group.…”

“…With MCV4 now becoming available for young age groups, this applies, in particular, to young children who have received MCC as part of their national vaccination program that has been implemented in several European countries. Previous monovalent MCC vaccination has even been shown to have a booster effect on serogroup C in children subsequently vaccinated with a tetravalent conjugate vaccine [77].…”