Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus

Ogilvie, Bridget M.; Bartlett, A.; Godfrey, Richard; Turton, J. A.; Worms, M. J.; Yeates, R A

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(78)90303-6

Cited by 67 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, in our parallel study of children and adults, similarly few children had detectable anti-Na-ASP-2 IgE responses, whereas significant anti-Na-ASP-2 IgE responses were detected among adults. From experimental human infections, it is known that antihookworm IgE responses tend to develop very slowly and over repeated exposures (53,54). Hence, our school-aged children may not have had a sufficient history of exposure to have developed an anti-Na-ASP-2 IgE response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Treatment on IgE Responses against Parasite Allergen-Like Proteins and Immunity to Reinfection in Childhood Schistosome and Hookworm Coinfections

et al. 2013

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Naturally occurring human immunity to both schistosomiasis and hookworm infection has been associated with IgE responses against parasite allergen-like proteins. Since the two helminths frequently coinfect the same individuals, there is growing advocacy for their concurrent treatment. However, both helminths are known to exert strong immunomodulatory effects; therefore, coinfected individuals could have immune responses different from those characteristically seen in monoinfected individuals. In this study, we measured changes in IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 responses to schistosome and hookworm antigens, including the allergen-like proteins Schistosoma mansoni tegumental-allergen-like 1 protein (SmTAL1), SmTAL2, and Necator americanus Ancylostoma-secreted protein-2 (Na-ASP-2), following concurrent treatment of schoolchildren coinfected with Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm. Antibody responses to schistosome egg (soluble egg antigen and SmTAL2) or somatic adult hookworm (AHW) antigens either decreased after treatment or were unchanged, whereas those to schistosome worm antigens (soluble worm antigen and SmTAL1) increased. The observed different effects of treatment likely reflect the different modes of drug action and sites of infection for these two helminths. Importantly, there was no evidence that the simultaneous treatment of coinfected children with praziquantel and albendazole affected schistosome-and hookworm-specific humoral responses differently from those characteristic of populations in which only one organism is endemic; schistosome-and hookworm-specific responses were not associated, and there was no evidence for cross-regulation. Posttreatment increases in the levels of IgE to schistosome worm antigens were associated with lower Schistosoma mansoni reinfection intensity, while no associations between humoral responses to AHW antigen and protection from hookworm reinfection were observed in this sample of school-aged children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Treatment on IgE Responses against Parasite Allergen-Like Proteins and Immunity to Reinfection in Childhood Schistosome and Hookworm Coinfections

et al. 2013

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“…Interview with John Turton regarding the first published use of helminth therapy John Turton, whose publications of his own experience describe the first reported case of helminth therapy (Turton, 1976;Ogilvie et al, 1978), was interviewed. His responses are included in this study, with his permission.…”

Section: Interviews With Physiciansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dose used was at least fivefold higher than the maximum dose of about 50 helminths considered beneficial by current self-treaters (Cheng et al, 2015). Turton self-treated with four doses of 250 NA each in a 27-month period, with 5 months between the first and second self-treatments, and 4 months apart for the rest of the treatments (Ogilvie et al, 1978). Adverse side-effects were reported (Ogilvie et al, 1978).…”

Section: John Turton's Experience and Earlier Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations

et al. 2016

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The successful use of helminths as therapeutic agents to resolve inflammatory disease was first recorded 40 years ago. Subsequent work in animal models and in humans has demonstrated that the organisms might effectively treat a wide range of inflammatory diseases, including allergies, autoimmune disorders and inflammation-associated neuropsychiatric disorders. However, available information regarding the therapeutic uses and effects of helminths in humans is limited. This study probes the practices and experiences of individuals ‘self-treating’ with helminths through the eyes of their physicians. Five physicians monitoring more than 700 self-treating patients were interviewed. The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as major depression and anxiety disorders. Approximately 57% of the self-treating patients observed by physicians in the study had autism. Physicians reported that the majority of patients with autism and inflammation-associated co-morbidities responded favourably to therapy with either of the two most popular organisms currently used by self-treaters, Hymenolepis diminuta and Trichuris suis. However, approximately 1% of paediatric patients experienced severe gastrointestinal pains with the use of H. diminuta, although the symptoms were resolved with an anti-helminthic drug. Further, exposure to helminths apparently did not affect the impaired comprehension of social situations that is the hallmark of autism. These observations point toward potential starting points for clinical trials, and provide further support for the importance of such trials and for concerted efforts aimed at probing the potential of helminths, and perhaps other biologicals, for therapeutic use.

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“…The free-living species Caenorhabditis elegans expresses multiple AChE isoforms (47), one of which is secreted by muscle cells and is responsible for coordinated movement (56). However, many parasitic nematodes, including hookworms, secrete AChE from esophageal and amphidial glands (88,111), and the enzyme is highly immunogenic in necatoriasis (101). Numerous roles have been proposed for nonneuronal AChE in nematode infections, including inhibition of host gut peristalsis, regulation of enteric secretory mechanisms (61), and immunomodulation (107).…”

Section: Acetylcholinesterasementioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Responses in Hookworm Infections

2001

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Hookworms infect perhaps one-fifth of the entire human population, yet little is known about their interaction with our immune system. The two major species are Necator americanus, which is adapted to tropical conditions, and Ancylostoma duodenale, which predominates in more temperate zones. While having many common features, they also differ in several key aspects of their biology. Host immune responses are triggered by larval invasion of the skin, larval migration through the circulation and lungs, and worm establishment in the intestine, where adult worms feed on blood and mucosa while injecting various molecules that facilitate feeding and modulate host protective responses. Despite repeated exposure, protective immunity does not seem to develop in humans, so that infections occur in all age groups (depending on exposure patterns) and tend to be prolonged. Responses to both larval and adult worms have a characteristic T-helper type 2 profile, with activated mast cells in the gut mucosa, elevated levels of circulating immunoglobulin E, and eosinoophilia in the peripheral blood and local tissues, features also characteristic of type I hypersensitivity reactions. The longevity of adult hookworms is determined probably more by parasite genetics than by host immunity. However, many of the proteins released by the parasites seem to have immunomodulatory activity, presumably for self-protection. Advances in molecular biotechnology enable the identification and characterization of increasing numbers of these parasite molecules and should enhance our detailed understanding of the protective and pathogenetic mechanisms in hookworm infections

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Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus

Cited by 67 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of Treatment on IgE Responses against Parasite Allergen-Like Proteins and Immunity to Reinfection in Childhood Schistosome and Hookworm Coinfections

Effects of Treatment on IgE Responses against Parasite Allergen-Like Proteins and Immunity to Reinfection in Childhood Schistosome and Hookworm Coinfections

Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations

Immune Responses in Hookworm Infections

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