Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by four different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Gils, Marit J. van; Lavell, Ayesha H.A.; Appelman, Brent; Bontjer, Ilja; Poniman, Meliawatti; Burger, Judith A.; Oomen, Melissa; Bouhuijs, Joey H.; Vught, Lonneke A. van; Slim, Marleen A.; Schinkel, Michiel; Wynberg, Elke; Willigen, Hugo D.G. van; Grobben, Marloes; Tejjani, Kadija; Snitselaar, Jonne L.; Caniels, Tom G.; Vlaar, Alexander P.J.; Prins, Maria; Jong, Menno D. de; Bree, Godelieve de; Sikkens, Jonne J.; Bomers, Marije K.; Sanders, Rogier W.

doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.21264163

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(204 reference statements)

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“…Instead, again vaccine type or regimen (homologous vs heterologous) received had the largest effect upon ACE2 binding inhibition. The VoCs themselves followed a previously published pattern ( 9 , 22 , 67 ), with the lowest reduction for the Alpha variant, and the highest for the Beta and Gamma variants. It should be stated that in our analysis of longitudinal samples, there is a wide variety of timeframes post-vaccination, meaning that initial samples are collected both before, during and after the initial peak response at around 28 days.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Comparative Magnitude and Persistence of Humoral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in the Adult Population in Germany

et al. 2022

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Recent increases in SARS-CoV-2 infections have led to questions about duration and quality of vaccine-induced immune protection. While numerous studies have been published on immune responses triggered by vaccination, these often focus on studying the impact of one or two immunisation schemes within subpopulations such as immunocompromised individuals or healthcare workers. To provide information on the duration and quality of vaccine-induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, we analyzed antibody titres against various SARS-CoV-2 antigens and ACE2 binding inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and variants of concern in samples from a large German population-based seroprevalence study (MuSPAD) who had received all currently available immunisation schemes. We found that homologous mRNA-based or heterologous prime-boost vaccination produced significantly higher antibody responses than vector-based homologous vaccination. Ad26.CoV2S.2 performance was particularly concerning with reduced titres and 91.7% of samples classified as non-responsive for ACE2 binding inhibition, suggesting that recipients require a booster mRNA vaccination. While mRNA vaccination induced a higher ratio of RBD- and S1-targeting antibodies, vector-based vaccines resulted in an increased proportion of S2-targeting antibodies. Given the role of RBD- and S1-specific antibodies in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, their relative over-representation after mRNA vaccination may explain why these vaccines have increased efficacy compared to vector-based formulations. Previously infected individuals had a robust immune response once vaccinated, regardless of which vaccine they received, which could aid future dose allocation should shortages arise for certain manufacturers. Overall, both titres and ACE2 binding inhibition peaked approximately 28 days post-second vaccination and then decreased.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Comparative Magnitude and Persistence of Humoral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in the Adult Population in Germany

et al. 2022

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“…For Pfizer, antibody levels reduced from a median of 7506 U/mL at 21-41 days to 3320 U/mL at 70 or more days. For the AstraZeneca vaccine, antibody levels reduced from a median of 1201 U/mL at 0-20 days to 190 U/mL at 70 or more days [35]. According to the information in the leaflet, the efficacy range of the AstraZeneca vaccine is close to the efficacy of Johnson & Johnson, but lower than Pfizer and Moderna.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG against the S Protein: A Comparison of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines

et al. 2022

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Background: COVID-19 vaccines induce a differentiated humoral and cellular response, and one of the comparable parameters of the vaccine response is the determination of IgG antibodies. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were analyzed at three time points (at the beginning of May, at the end of June and at the end of September). Serum samples were obtained from 954 employees of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (a total of three samples each were obtained from 511 vaccinated participants). IgG antibody concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The statistical analysis included comparisons between vaccines, between convalescents and COVID-19 non-patients, between individual measurements and included the gender, age and blood groups of participants. Results: There were significant differences in antibody levels between mRNA and vector vaccines. People vaccinated with mRNA-1273 achieved the highest levels of antibodies, regardless of the time since full vaccination. People vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 produced several times lower antibody levels compared to the mRNA vaccines, while the antibody levels were more stable. In the case of each of the vaccines, the factor having the strongest impact on the level and stability of the IgG antibody titers was previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. There were no significant correlations with age, gender and blood type. Summary: mRNA vaccines induce a stronger humoral response of the immune system with the fastest loss of antibodies over time.

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“…First and foremost is the reliance on neutralizing antibody titers as a predictor of protection against infection and transmission. Although the analyses here, and elsewhere suggest a strong relationship between neutralizing antibody titers and protection at the population level [4, 18] and individual level [33], other parts of the immune system, such as T-cells, also play key roles in protection, especially against severe disease. Second, our analyses use population averages for estimates of protection against infection and transmission and ignore age-specific variation among individuals (as well as other factors).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…We found that a third dose could substantially reduce transmission, especially in highly vaccinated populations, and the effect was larger in populations with lower acquired immunity from infection and when contact rates (which scale R 0 ) were higher. We showed that neutralizing antibodies are strongly correlated not just with protection against symptomatic disease [4, 18], but also with protection against all infection and transmission given infection (Figures 1, S4). This allowed us to estimate the effect of waning and boosting on transmission, and the pathogen reproductive number R t .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emergence of the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a surge of infections globally, even in populations with high vaccination coverage [1, 2]. This is due, in part, to the much higher infectiousness of this virus variant [2, 3], moderate immune evasion [4-6], and, increasingly, waning vaccine immunity, based on both levels of neutralizing antibodies [7-10] and studies of vaccine effectiveness [11-13]. Several countries have recently offered third doses to individuals at higher risk of severe disease [14] because protection for these individuals, even against severe disease, has waned the most [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Third doses of COVID-19 vaccines reduce infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and could prevent future surges in some populations: a modeling study

Gardner

Kilpatrick

2021

Preprint

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Background Vaccines have greatly reduced the impact of COVID-19 globally. Unfortunately, evidence indicates that immunity wanes following vaccination, especially with the Delta variant (B.1.617.2). Protection against severe disease and death remain high, but protection against milder disease and infection have dropped significantly. A third booster dose of two-dose vaccines has been approved in several countries to individuals at higher risk of severe disease to protect those individuals, but the benefit to boosting immunity in younger healthy individuals and the effects on transmission are less clear. Methods Here we use relationships between neutralizing antibody titers and vaccine protection against infection and transmission, combined with data on waning and boosting of neutralizing antibody titers to examine the impact of a third dose of the Pfizer vaccine on infection and transmission and its impact on the pathogen effective reproductive number Rt. Findings Eight months of waning reduced protection of the Pfizer vaccine against all infections from 80.0% (95% CI: 77% to 83%) to 60.4% (95% CI: 53% to 67%); a third dose (which increased neutralizing antibody titers 25.9- fold relative to levels after 8 months of waning) increased protection to 87.2% (95% CI: 83% to 91%). Increased protection against infection and transmission from third doses reduced Rt by 21% to 66% depending on vaccine coverage and previous infection and reduced Rt below 1 when vaccination coverage was high or contact rates were well below pre-pandemic levels. Interpretation A third dose of the Pfizer vaccine could reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which would reduce infection in unvaccinated individuals and breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals. While vaccination of unvaccinated individuals, especially in developing countries, would be more effective for reducing disease than providing a third dose to vaccinated individuals, the benefit of a third dose in reducing transmission is sizeable and increases with vaccine coverage and contact rates among individuals.

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Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by four different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Cited by 22 publications

References 76 publications

Comparative Magnitude and Persistence of Humoral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in the Adult Population in Germany

Comparative Magnitude and Persistence of Humoral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in the Adult Population in Germany

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG against the S Protein: A Comparison of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines

Third doses of COVID-19 vaccines reduce infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and could prevent future surges in some populations: a modeling study

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