Antibody response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac) in immune-mediated diseases: a controlled study among hospital workers and elderly

Abstract

Objective To assess antibody response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in patients with immune-mediated diseases (IMD) among hospital workers and people aged 65 and older. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we studied 82 hospital workers with IMD (mean age: 42.2 ± 10.0 years) and 300 (mean age: 41.7 ± 9.9 years) controls. Among + 65 aged population, we studied 22 (mean age: 71.4 ± 4.5 years) patients and 47 controls (mean age: 70.9 ± 4.8 years). All study subjects had a negative history for COVID-19. Sera were obtained after at least 21 days following the second vaccination. Anti-spike IgG antibody titers were measured quantitatively using a commercially available immunoassay method. Results Patients with IMD were significantly less likely to have detectable antibodies than healthy controls both among the hospital workers (92.7% vs 99.7%, p < 0.001) and elderly population (77.3% vs 97.9%, p = 0.011). Among patients with IMD, those using immunosuppressive or immune-modulating drugs (64/75, 85.3%) were significantly less likely to have detectable antibodies compared to those off treatment (29/29, 100%) ( p = 0.029). Additionally, a negative association between age and the antibody titer categories among patients ( r = − 0.352; p < 0.001) and controls ( r = − 0.258; p < 0.001) were demonstrated. Conclusions Among hospital workers, the vast majority of patients with IMD and immunocompetent controls developed a significant humoral response following the administration of the second dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. This was also true for the elderly population, albeit with lower antibody titers. Immunosuppressive use, particularly rituximab significantly reduced antibody titers. Antibody titers were significantly lower among those aged ≥ 60 years both in patient and control populations. Whether these individuals should get a booster dose warrants further studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00296-021-04910-7.

Immunogenicity and Safety of the Coronavac Vaccine in Patients with Cancer Receiving Active Systemic Therapy

“…To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the immunogenicity of the CoronaVac vaccine in cancer patients receiving active systemic therapy. The low immunogenicity demonstrated in the authors' study was consistent with other studies [ 14–17 ]. In a study conducted in Turkey, it was shown that patients using immunomodulators for rheumatological disease developed less immunogenicity compared with healthy individuals receiving the CoronaVac vaccine [ 14 ].…”

“…The low immunogenicity demonstrated in the authors' study was consistent with other studies [ 14–17 ]. In a study conducted in Turkey, it was shown that patients using immunomodulators for rheumatological disease developed less immunogenicity compared with healthy individuals receiving the CoronaVac vaccine [ 14 ]. Similar results have been found in cancer patients who received the mRNA-1273 (Moderna, MA, USA) or BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer, NY, USA) COVID-19 vaccines [ 15–17 ].…”

Response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in immune mediated inflammatory diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Out of this, data from 25 studies was used for analysis. Table 1 provides the details of the included studies including site of the study, numbers vaccinated in IMIDs, underlying disease and drugs, the number and type of vaccine received [ [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] ]. Supplementary Table 2 lists the reasons for exclusion of studies [ [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] ].…”

Immunological and clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations: a systematic review

“…The vast majority of included studies evaluated vaccines developed by Pfizer (BNT162b2) or Moderna (mRNA-1273). Thirteen studies included patients who received the vaccine developed by Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S) [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ], nine included patients vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine (ChAdOx1) [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] ], three included patients receiving the CoronaVac vaccine (Sinovac Biotech) [ [50] , [51] , [52] ], and one randomized controlled trial evaluated the vaccine developed by Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) vaccine [ 53 ]. One study included patients receiving the BBV152-Covaxin (Bharat Biotech) vaccine [ 44 ] and one included patients receiving the BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine [ 54 ].…”

“…Thirty-one studies reported immunogenicity in 4680 patients with inflammatory immune-mediated diseases ( Table S6 ) [ 27 , 28 , 32 , 36 , 37 , 39 , [45] , [46] , [47] , 50 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 82 , [161] , [162] , [163] , [164] , [165] , [166] , [167] , [168] , [169] , [170] , [171] , [172] , [173] , [174] , [175] , [176] , [177] , [178] ]. Main represented groups included rheumatoid arthritis ( n = 665), inflammatory bowel diseases ( n = 476) and multiple sclerosis ( n = 231).…”