Antibody Response to a Fourth Dose of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series

Abstract

Though some patients may require additional measures such as immunosuppression modulation to achieve immunity, these data support continued exploration of subsequent vaccine doses in SOTRs.

Immunological and clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations: a systematic review

“…After title and abstract screening, we retained 271 reports. After full-text reading, grey literature and reference list inspection, 162 studies were included from 170 reports (some reports detailed different timepoints of the same study [ [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] ] ( Fig. 1 ).…”

“…The vast majority of included studies evaluated vaccines developed by Pfizer (BNT162b2) or Moderna (mRNA-1273). Thirteen studies included patients who received the vaccine developed by Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S) [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ], nine included patients vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine (ChAdOx1) [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] ], three included patients receiving the CoronaVac vaccine (Sinovac Biotech) [ [50] , [51] , [52] ], and one randomized controlled trial evaluated the vaccine developed by Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) vaccine [ 53 ]. One study included patients receiving the BBV152-Covaxin (Bharat Biotech) vaccine [ 44 ] and one included patients receiving the BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine [ 54 ].…”

“…Forty-seven studies described immunogenicity across various solid organ transplant populations ( n = 5974), mostly in kidney transplant recipients ( n = 3534, 59.2%) ( Table S5 ) [ 18 , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , 29 , 34 , 40 , [56] , [57] , [58] ], [ 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 120 , 126 ], [ [136] , [137] , [138] , [139] , [140] , [141] , [142] , [143] , [144] , [145] , [146] , [147] , [148] , [149] , [150] , [151] , [152] , [153] , [154] , [155] , [156] , [157] , [158] , [159] , [160] ]. Twenty-four of those studies included a control group representing overall 1399 participants [ 21 , 34 , 57 , 63 , 66 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 79 , ...…”

“…Ten studies reported the effect of an additional dose following a complete vaccination [ 16 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 75 , 77 , 129 , 153 , 157 ]. Seven were conducted in solid organ transplant recipients [ 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 75 , 77 , 153 , 157 ] ( Table S5 ): non-response rates following the additional dose in the initially non-responders ranged from 51% to 68% [ 75 , 153 ]. Hall et al.…”

A transplant recipient's pandemic perspective

“…The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are safe, more transplant recipients produce antibodies after a second dose, 2 and even more raise antibodies after a third 3 or fourth dose. 4 Whether or not these serum antibodies protect us from infection, and more importantly, severe disease, still needs to be determined.…”