Antibody response after influenza immunization with various vaccine doses: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre, dose—response study in elderly nursing-home residents and young volunteers

Abstract

The dose effect (0, 10, 20 and 60 I~g)

Gender differences in local and systemic reactions to inactivated influenza vaccine, established by a meta-analysis of fourteen independent studies

“…Published reports show a dose-response relationship for local reactions and, though less pronounced, for systemic reactions (6,8,(16)(17)(18)(19). We controlled possible dose bias by dividing studies with different doses into separate groups.…”

Protection Against Influenza After Annually Repeated Vaccination

“…This variability between serologic studies is well known and has been described earlier. 11,37,42,43 Although the postvaccination HI titer is a valuable surrogate marker for real protection, it may depend on a number of cofactors that are imperfectly controlled by the study design, among others, prevaccination titer and study population characteristics (age; history of previous exposure to natural influenza, especially the effect of the "original antigenic sin" 44 ; health state; etc). The present heterogeneity among serologic studies does not argue against our conclusion that repeated vaccination is not associated with a decrease in effectiveness.…”

Randomized controlled trial of seroresponses to double dose and booster influenza vaccination in frail elderly subjects

“…As many of the dose and booster trials reported previously had much smaller sample sizes, they may have suffered from a type II error, that may explain the divergence with previous ®ndings concerning high dose in¯uenza vaccines. Several researchers have reported an improvement in antibody levels in the elderly with increasing antigen dose [Arden et al, 1986;Sullivan et al, 1990;Remarque et al, 1993Remarque et al, , 1999, whereas others have failed to do so [Gross et al, 1988;Peters et al, 1988;Palache et al, 1993]. The improvement observed in antibody titers that was achieved by booster vaccination was not con®rmed by previous reports [Gross et al, 1987;Levine et al, 1987].…”