Antibody Diversity in Cancer: Translational Implications and Beyond

Abstract

Patients with cancer tend to develop antibodies to autologous proteins. This phenomenon has been observed across multiple cancer types, including bladder, lung, colon, prostate, and melanoma. These antibodies potentially arise due to induced inflammation or an increase in self-antigens. Studies focusing on antibody diversity are particularly attractive for their diagnostic value considering antibodies are present at an early diseased stage, serum samples are relatively easy to obtain, and the prevalence of antibodies is high even when the target antigen is minimally expressed. Conversely, the surveillance of serum proteins in cancer patients is relatively challenging because they often show variability in expression and are less abundant. Moreover, an antibody’s presence is also useful as it suggests the relative immunogenicity of a given antigen. For these reasons, profiling antibodies’ responses is actively considered to detect the spread of antigens following immunotherapy. The current review focuses on expanding the knowledge of antibodies and their diversity, and the impact of antibody diversity on cancer regression and progression.

Cancer Is Associated with the Emergence of Placenta-Reactive Autoantibodies

“…Thus, the utilization of AAbs for cancer screening may present an opportunity to overcome biological heterogeneity, a major challenge in cancer biomarker research [11,38,39]. Although there are numerous studies about the identification of AAbs in the serum of cancer patients, including breast [40,41], colorectal [42][43][44], lung [45][46][47], ovarian [48][49][50], and gastrointestinal cancer [51][52][53][54], there is no study to address placental proteome as a target for monitoring cancer-associated AAbs. Analogies between placentation, in particular the behavior of trophoblast cells, and cancer raised our hypothesis on whether cancer patients develop autoantibodies against the placenta, which can be exploited as a tool for non-invasive cancer screening [55][56][57].…”