Antibody-based nanotechnology

Abstract

Antibodies are considered the hallmark of the adaptive immune system in that they mediate various key biological functions, such as direct neutralization and recruitment of effector immune cells to eliminate invading pathogens. Antibodies exhibit several unique properties, including high diversity (enabling binding to a wide range of targets), high specificity and structural integrity. These properties and the understanding that antibodies can be utilized in a wide range of applications have motivated the scientific community to develop new approaches for antibody repertoire analysis and rapid monoclonal antibody discovery. Today, antibodies are key modules in the pharmaceutical and diagnostic industries. By virtue of their high affinity and specificity to their targets and the availability of technologies to engineer different antibodies to a wide range of targets, antibodies have become the most promising natural biological molecules in a range of biotechnological applications, such as: highly specific and sensitive nanobiosensors for the diagnostics of different biomarkers; nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery systems to certain cells or tissues; and nanomachines, which are nanoscale mechanical devices that enable energy conversion into precise mechanical motions in response to specific molecular inputs. In this review, we start by describing the unique properties of antibodies, how antibody diversity is generated, and the available technologies for antibody repertoire analysis and antibody discovery. Thereafter, we provide an overview of some antibody-based nanotechnologies and discuss novel and promising approaches for the application of antibodies in the nanotechnology field. Overall, we aim to bridge the knowledge gap between the nanotechnology and antibody engineering disciplines by demonstrating how technological advances in the antibody field can be leveraged to develop and/or enhance new technological approaches in the nanotechnology field.

Applications of laboratory findings in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of COVID-19

“…177 Applied functional nanomaterials binding with receptors are designed and fabricated in a wide range, such as metal nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles, AuNPs), [178][179][180] carbon materials (nanotubes, 181 graphene 182 ), quantum dots (QDs), 183 polymer materials, 184 and other unique nanomaterials. 185 Receptors immobilized on the nanomaterials, such as nucleic acids, 186 antigens, 187 aptamers, 188,189 antibodies, 190 and other biological or synthetic molecules serve as the recognition elements for the targets with certain affinities and specifications. 191 When it comes to the detection of HCoVs, such as SARS-CoV, 192 the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 193 and SARS-CoV-2 194 that caused epidemics or pandemics, various transducers based on different principles can be applied in the biological and medical fields, including electrochemical, fluorescence-based or colorimetric biosensors, [195][196][197][198][199] localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), [200][201][202] surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), [203][204][205] quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors, 206,207 piezoelectric sensors, 208 and other kinds of biosensors.…”

Engineered Multifunctional Nano‐ and Biological Materials for Cancer Immunotherapy

“…They can find a home here with their high specificities, ease of conjugation to other materials, and can even be synthesized in an adaptive immune response or produced by bacteria. [ 130 ] Monoclonal antibodies have seen success in clinics through the use of blocking surface antigens on cancer cells, which reduce their capabilities to spread and induce clearance through the immune system targeting the Fc regions of the antibodies. While effective, this strategy has severe limitations, such as nonspecificity and targeting to healthy tissues, cytokine release syndrome, autoimmunity, and inadequate pharmacokinetic properties.…”

Anti-Cancer Nanomedicines: A Revolution of Tumor Immunotherapy

“…The combination of Abs with nanomedicine includes nanobiosensors, Ab-based nanomachines and active targeted drug delivery systems (103). Some tumor-specific markers have been discovered, and the usage of corresponding Abs modified nanoparticles can transform the passive targeting into active condition and functionalize them as "guided missiles" to increase the specificity of enrichment in tumor sites and to minimize damage to healthy tissues.…”