Antibodies to voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels in epilepsy

Majoie, Marian; Baets, M. de; Renier, W.O.; Lang, Bethan; Vincent, Angela

doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.06.003

Cited by 137 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…An autoimmune cause has been increasingly recognized in the spectrum of limbic encephalitis characterized by cognitive impairment, especially memory impairment, behavioral changes, temporal lobe seizures, and sleep disturbances 2. However, accumulating evidence supports an autoimmune basis for seizures in the absence of syndromic manifestations of limbic encephalitis for a subset of AED‐resistant epilepsy cases 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Autoimmune epilepsy often does not respond to conventional antiepileptic treatment but might respond to immunotherapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seizure semiology: an important clinical clue to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy

Ren

Guan

et al. 2018

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to analyze the seizure semiologic characteristics of patients with autoimmune epilepsy (AE) and describe the investigation characteristics of AE using a larger sample size.MethodsThis observational retrospective case series study was conducted from a tertiary epilepsy center between May 2014 and March 2017. Cases of new‐onset seizures were selected based on laboratory evidence of autoimmunity. At the same time, typical mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) were recruited as the control group from the subjects who underwent presurgical evaluation during the same period.ResultsA total of 61 patients with AE were identified. Specific autoimmune antibodies were detected in 39 patients (63.93%), including anti‐VGKC in 23 patients (37.70%), anti‐NMDA‐R in 9 patients (14.75%), anti‐GABAB‐R in 6 patients (9.84%), and anti‐amphiphysin in 1 patient (1.64%). Regarding the seizure semiology, no significant differences were noted between AE patients with autoantibody and patients with suspected AE without antibody. Compared to typical MTLE patients with HS, both AE patients with autoantibody and patients with suspected AE without antibody had the same seizure semiologic characteristics, including more frequent SPS or CPS, shorter seizure duration, rare postictal confusion, and common sleeping SGTC seizures.SignificanceThis study highlights important seizure semiologic characteristics of AE. Patients with autoimmune epilepsy had special seizure semiologic characteristics. For patients with autoimmune epilepsy presenting with new‐onset seizures in isolation or with a seizure‐predominant neurological disorder, the special seizure semiologic characteristics may remind us to test neuronal nuclear/cytoplasmic antibodies early and initiate immunomodulatory therapies as soon as possible. Furthermore, the absence of neural‐specific autoantibodies does not rule out AE.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seizure semiology: an important clinical clue to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy

Ren

Guan

et al. 2018

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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“…Autoimmune VGKC encephalitis can be diagnosed by serologic test-ing and is potentially treatable with immunotherapy. 5,6,[8][9][10][11] However, it is suspected that this condition is greatly underdiagnosed and undertreated. 9,12 Because the long-term consequences of limbic encephalitis and seizures are frequently significant and the immune aspect of this disease is potentially treatable, it is important that neuroradiologists recognize the existence of this newly identified entity and its imaging characteristics to raise the possibility in the differential diagnosis when appropriate.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…It is frequently found in the absence of associated tumor. 4,5 VGKC autoantibodies (Abs) have been reported in 6% of patients with long-standing seizures 6 and in up to 11% when both acute and chronic presentations are considered. 7 Furthermore, autoimmune VGKC encephalitis may be more common than paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis.…”

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confidence: 99%

MRI Findings in Autoimmune Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Complex Encephalitis with Seizures: One Potential Etiology for Mesial Temporal Sclerosis

Kotsenas¹,

Watson²,

Pittock

et al. 2013

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

114

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Autoimmune voltage-gated potassium channel complex encephalitis is a common form of autoimmune encephalitis. Patients with seizures due to this form of encephalitis commonly have medically intractable epilepsy and may require immunotherapy to control seizures. It is important that radiologists recognize imaging characteristics of this type of autoimmune encephalitis and suggest it in the differential diagnosis because this seizure etiology is likely under-recognized. Our purpose was to characterize MR imaging findings in this patient population.

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“…Limbic encephalitis is commonly associated with syndromes like episodic memory impairment, disorientation, seizures, hallucinations, and sleep disturbance [79]. Raised level of VGKCs-Ab was also confirmed in patients with long standing drug resistant epilepsy [80] and in case of adultonset drug refractory seizure disorder [81].…”

Section: A) B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion Channels as Drug Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders

Waszkielewicz¹,

Gunia²,

Szkaradek³

et al. 2013

CMC

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Ion channel targeted drugs have always been related with either the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system, or the cardiovascular system. Within the CNS, basic indications of drugs are: sleep disorders, anxiety, epilepsy, pain, etc. However, traditional channel blockers have multiple adverse events, mainly due to low specificity of mechanism of action. Lately, novel ion channel subtypes have been discovered, which gives premises to drug discovery process led towards specific channel subtypes. An example is Na + channels, whose subtypes 1.3 and 1.7-1.9 are responsible for pain, and 1.1 and 1.2 -for epilepsy. Moreover, new drug candidates have been recognized. This review is focusing on ion channels subtypes, which play a significant role in current drug discovery and development process. The knowledge on channel subtypes has developed rapidly, giving new nomenclatures of ion channels. For example, Ca 2+ channels are not any more divided to T, L, N, P/Q, and R, but they are described as Ca v 1.1-Ca v 3.3, with even newer nomenclature 1A-1I and 1S. Moreover, new channels such as P2X1-P2X7, as well as TRPA1-TRPV1 have been discovered, giving premises for new types of analgesic drugs.

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Antibodies to voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels in epilepsy

Cited by 137 publications

References 23 publications

Seizure semiology: an important clinical clue to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy

Seizure semiology: an important clinical clue to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy

MRI Findings in Autoimmune Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Complex Encephalitis with Seizures: One Potential Etiology for Mesial Temporal Sclerosis

Ion Channels as Drug Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders

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