Antibodies to Various Zoonotic Pathogens Detected in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) at Abattoirs in Texas, USA

Pedersen, Kerri; Bauer, Nathan; Rodgers, Sandra J.; Bazan, Luis R.; Mesenbrink, Brian T.; Gidlewski, Thomas

doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-016

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Many studies have been carried out in recent years on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-range and bred boar in many regions of the world, including Japan [42], the United States [27,28,30,43], Argentina [6], Brazil [44], China [45,46], and Korea [35,47]. Numerous studies have also been conducted in Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wild boar also search for food at landfills, city parks or suburban areas [23]. The species shows high adaptability to changing climatic and environmental conditions [6] and high reproductive potential [27]. Wild boar serve as reservoirs of numerous viruses, bacteria and parasites [25], which can be a potential source of human, farm and companion animals diseases [27,28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The species shows high adaptability to changing climatic and environmental conditions [6] and high reproductive potential [27]. Wild boar serve as reservoirs of numerous viruses, bacteria and parasites [25], which can be a potential source of human, farm and companion animals diseases [27,28,29]. The increase in their population size observed in recent years increases the risk of wild boar contact with people and pigs, and thus the risk of pathogen transmission, including zoonotic pathogens such as T. gondii [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> antibodies in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Strzałowo Forest Division, Warmia and Mazury Region, Poland

Puchalska¹,

Pyziel²,

Wisniewski³

et al. 2021

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction and objective. Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis caused by a protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. Raw or undercooked venison may be a source of infection in humans. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in wild boar from the Strzałowo Forest Division of the Warmia and Mazury Region of Poland. Materials and method. A total of 90 samples were collected from 50 wild boar: 40 from both tongue and diaphragm muscles, 4 from diaphragm muscles and six from tongue muscles. Samples were analyzed using the commercial PrioCHECK® Toxoplasma Ab porcine ELISA, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 24 of 50 (48%) tested animals. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 40 of 90 (44.4%) tested samples (21 of tongue muscles and 19 of diaphragm muscles). In the 40 wild boar that provided samples of meat juice from the tongue and diaphragm muscles, specific antibodies were more prevalent in the tongue (20 of 40 animals-50%) than in the diaphragm muscles (17 of 40 animals-42.5%). Conclusions. The study revealed a high percentage of wild boar seropositive to T. gondii. Muscle samples to obtain meat juice are easily available and simple to collect, even on the hunting grounds, which makes them suitable material for detecting T. gondii antibodies in wild boar. Wild boar are essential to T. gondii circulation in the environment, and raw or undercooked venison may be a source of human infections with this parasite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> antibodies in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Strzałowo Forest Division, Warmia and Mazury Region, Poland

Puchalska¹,

Pyziel²,

Wisniewski³

et al. 2021

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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“…The overall seroprevalence rate of IAVs in wild pigs in the United States was $4.9% from 2010 to 2013 (Martin et al 2017); however, the seroprevalence rate varied across regions (Martin et al 2017). In another study, antibodies to IAVs were detected in 14.1% of wild pigs in abattoirs in Texas (Pedersen et al 2017). Similar to domestic swine, seropositive wild pigs can be found throughout the year (Martin et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Individual-Level Antibody Dynamics Reveal Potential Drivers of Influenza A Seasonality in Wild Pig Populations

Pepin

Pedersen

Wan

et al. 2019

Integrative and Comparative Biology

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Swine are important in the ecology of influenza A virus (IAV) globally. Understanding the ecological role of wild pigs in IAV ecology has been limited because surveillance in wild pigs is often for antibodies (serosurveillance) rather than IAVs, as in humans and domestic swine. As IAV antibodies can persist long after an infection, serosurveillance data are not necessarily indicative of current infection risk. However, antibody responses to IAV infections cause a predictable antibody response, thus time of infection can be inferred from antibody levels in serological samples, enabling identification of risk factors of infection at estimated times of infection. Recent work demonstrates that these quantitative antibody methods (QAMs) can accurately recover infection dates, even when individual-level variation in antibody curves is moderately high. Also, the methodology can be implemented in a survival analysis (SA) framework to reduce bias from opportunistic sampling. Here we integrated QAMs and SA and applied this novel QAM–SA framework to understand the dynamics of IAV infection risk in wild pigs seasonally and spatially, and identify risk factors. We used national-scale IAV serosurveillance data from 15 US states. We found that infection risk was highest during January–March (54% of 61 estimated peaks), with 24% of estimated peaks occurring from May to July, and some low-level of infection risk occurring year-round. Time-varying IAV infection risk in wild pigs was positively correlated with humidity and IAV infection trends in domestic swine and humans, and did not show wave-like spatial spread of infection among states, nor more similar levels of infection risk among states with more similar meteorological conditions. Effects of host sex on IAV infection risk in wild pigs were generally not significant. Because most of the variation in infection risk was explained by state-level factors or infection risk at long-distances, our results suggested that predicting IAV infection risk in wild pigs is complicated by local ecological factors and potentially long-distance translocation of infection. In addition to revealing factors of IAV infection risk in wild pigs, our framework is broadly applicable for quantifying risk factors of disease transmission using opportunistic serosurveillance sampling, a common methodology in wildlife disease surveillance. Future research on the factors that determine individual-level antibody kinetics will facilitate the design of serosurveillance systems that can extract more accurate estimates of time-varying disease risk from quantitative antibody data.

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“…We found that adult males were more likely to be seropositive for IAVS (Figure ). None of the previous four studies investigating differences in exposure risk for males and females have found an association, although these studies were conducted under different circumstances (Cleveland et al, ; Feng et al, ; Martin et al, ; Pedersen et al, ). While the effect of age on IAVS seroprevalence has been found to be unimportant in most studies (Figure , Appendix ), our results supported two previous studies that found similar effects (Cleveland et al, ; Feng et al, ) and are consistent with IAVS risk factors in domestic pigs (Richt et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models

Tabak

Pedersen

Miller

2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals, wildlife, and humans. Pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals that are not infected). The invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa, also referred to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread hosts of domestic animal and human pathogens in North America. We developed hierarchical Bayesian models that account for imperfect detection to estimate the seroprevalence of five pathogens (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, Influenza A virus in swine, Hepatitis E virus, and Brucella spp.) in wild pigs in the United States using a dataset of over 50,000 samples across nine years. To assess the effect of incorporating detection error in models, we also evaluated models that ignored detection error. Both sets of models included effects of demographic parameters on seroprevalence. We compared our predictions of seroprevalence to 40 published studies, only one of which accounted for imperfect detection. We found a range of seroprevalence among the pathogens with a high seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus, indicating significant risk to livestock and wildlife. Demographics had mostly weak effects, indicating that other variables may have greater effects in predicting seroprevalence. Models that ignored detection error led to different predictions of seroprevalence as well as different inferences on the effects of demographic parameters. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating detection error in models of seroprevalence and demonstrate that ignoring such error may lead to erroneous conclusions about the risk associated with pathogen transmission. When using opportunistic sampling data to model seroprevalence and evaluate risk factors, detection error should be included.

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Antibodies to Various Zoonotic Pathogens Detected in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) at Abattoirs in Texas, USA

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Prevalence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> antibodies in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Strzałowo Forest Division, Warmia and Mazury Region, Poland

Prevalence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> antibodies in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Strzałowo Forest Division, Warmia and Mazury Region, Poland

Individual-Level Antibody Dynamics Reveal Potential Drivers of Influenza A Seasonality in Wild Pig Populations

Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models

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