Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Kenya, 1992–2013

Corman, Victor M.; Jores, Joerg; Meyer, Benjamin; Younan, Mario; Liljander, Anne; Said, Mohammed Yahya; Gluecks, Ilona; Lattwein, Erik; Bosch, Berend Jan; Drexler, Jan Felix; Bornstein, S.; Drosten, Christian; Müller, Marcel A.

doi:10.3201/eid2008.140596

Cited by 210 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The detection of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels imported from Sudan and Ethiopia for slaughter in Egypt [9], as well as serological evidence of previous MERS-CoV infection in dromedaries in Ethiopia, Kenya [13], Nigeria [14], Tunisia [14] and the Canary Islands (Spain; some originating from Morocco) [5] suggests that the virus could be geographically widespread in the dromedary camel populations on the African continent and that previously undetected transmission to humans may occur outside of the Arabian Peninsula [14].…”

Section: Zoonotic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, Qatar, April 2014

et al. 2014

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Antibodies to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were detected in serum and milk collected according to local customs from 33 camels in Qatar, April 2014. At one location, evidence for active virus shedding in nasal secretions and/or faeces was observed for 7/12 camels; viral RNA was detected in milk of five of these seven camels. The presence of MERS-CoV RNA in milk of camels actively shedding the virus warrants measures to prevent putative food-borne transmission of MERS-CoV.

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Section: Zoonotic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, Qatar, April 2014

et al. 2014

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“…From studies in Kenya and Saudi Arabia, MERS-CoV has been circulating in dromedary camels for at least 20 years, and young dromedary camels have lower seroprevalences and are more likely to carry infectious virus. 63 Swabs from milking camels and milk from two locations in Qatar tested positive for MERSCoV RNA using real-time RT-PCR testing. Analysis of an outbreak of MERS-CoV infection in humans associated with a barn in Qatar in October 2013 found dromedaries and humans were infected with nearly identical strains of MERSCoV.…”

Section: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses of foodborne origin: a review

Todd¹,

Grieg²

2015

VAAT

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Enteric viruses are major contributors to foodborne disease, and include adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, and norovirus. From a foodborne transmission perspective, norovirus is the most important; however, hepatitis A is associated with more serious illness. Foodborne viruses are transmitted through contaminated food, but also in combination with person-to-person contact or through environmental contamination. These viruses survive well in the environment, are excreted in abundance in feces, and have a low infectious dose, all of which facilitate spread within a community. Many colonized individuals experience mild gastroenteritis lasting a few days or are asymptomatic, although viral excretion may continue over days or weeks. Severe illness tends to be restricted to the very young and elderly, especially in closed communities such as schools and homes for the aged. In the USA, norovirus is considered to be responsible for two thirds of all foodborne illnesses occurring in a wide range of institutional settings, including schools, colleges, child care centers, cruise ships, prisons, and soldiers on campaign. Norovirus outbreaks also occur at one-time events, such as banquets, wedding receptions, birthday parties, and potluck meals, and are most often introduced by infected food workers producing, preparing, or serving food, or through self-service buffets. Often the infections are introduced from the community into institutions where they can infect the majority of residents unless quickly controlled. In countries where economic assessments have been completed, there is a high cost for prevention, control, and treatment of infections. Control measures are limited, but include proper clean-up and disinfection after vomiting or diarrhea, and prevention of food contact by infected individuals. As diagnostics improve, more foodborne illnesses relating to enteric viruses are expected to be identified, especially in developing countries where there are little data today.

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“…Further, many camels in Saudi Arabia are imported from East Africa; additional studies showed that sera positive for MERS-CoV were detected in camels in East, West and North Africa from as early as 1992 59 , 60 ., 61 indicating widespread circulation of MERS-CoV in camel populations for many years.…”

Section: Epidemiology Animal Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%