Antibodies against Food Antigens in Patients with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Magistris, Laura de; Picardi, A.; Siniscalco, Dario; Riccio, Maria Pia; Sapone, Anna; Cariello, Rita; Abbadessa, S; Medici, Nicola; Lammers, Karen M.; Schiraldi, Chiara; Iardino, Patrizia; Marotta, Rosa; Tolone, Carlo; Fasano, Alessio; Pascotto, Antonio; Bravaccio, Carmela

doi:10.1155/2013/729349

Cited by 65 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…Children with autism have significantly higher levels of IgG AGA (but not IgA) compared with healthy controls, particularly those with gastrointestinal symptoms [23] . Recent studies confirmed these findings and also reported an increase in antibodies directed to several other food allergens, including casein and whole milk [24] .…”

Section: Gluten Sensitivity and Autismmentioning

confidence: 52%

Gluten Sensitivity

Catassi¹

2015

Ann Nutr Metab

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Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a syndrome characterized by intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food in subjects who are not affected by either celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA). The prevalence of NCGS is not clearly defined yet. Indirect evidence suggests that NCGS is slightly more common than CD, the latter affecting around 1% of the general population. NCGS has been mostly described in adults, particularly in females in the age group of 30-50 years; however, pediatric case series have also been reported. Since NCGS may be transient, gluten tolerance needs to be reassessed over time in patients with NCGS. NCGS is characterized by symptoms that usually occur soon after gluten ingestion, disappear with gluten withdrawal, and relapse following gluten challenge within hours/days. The ‘classical' presentation of NCGS is a combination of irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, bowel habit abnormalities (either diarrhea or constipation), and systemic manifestations such as ‘foggy mind', headache, fatigue, joint and muscle pain, leg or arm numbness, dermatitis (eczema or skin rash), depression, and anemia. In recent years, several studies explored the relationship between the ingestion of gluten-containing food and the appearance of neurological and psychiatric disorders/symptoms like ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, schizophrenia, autism, depression, anxiety, and hallucinations (so-called gluten psychosis). The diagnosis of NCGS should be considered in patients with persistent intestinal and/or extraintestinal complaints showing a normal result of the CD and WA serological markers on a gluten-containing diet, usually reporting worsening of symptoms after eating gluten-rich food. NCGS should not be an exclusion diagnosis only. Unfortunately, no biomarker is sensitive and specific enough for diagnostic purposes; therefore, the diagnosis of NCGS is currently based on establishing a clear-cut cause-effect relationship between the ingestion of gluten and the appearance of symptoms by a standardized double-blind, placebo-controlled gluten challenge.

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Section: Gluten Sensitivity and Autismmentioning

confidence: 52%

Gluten Sensitivity

Catassi¹

2015

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…de Magistris et al (44) have provided one of the most comprehensive analysis of the leaky gut and autism so far based on their dataset looking at permeability measures for both children with autism and their extended family. Alongside other studies (45,46) evidence is accumulating to suggest that abnormal intestinal permeability is a finding for a proportion of people on the autism spectrum and may well be influenced by the implementation of a GFCF diet. Further questions are being asked about this area of investigation insofar as the nature of the permeability present and, as is noted in cases of CD, how tight-junction proteins may be implicated in this process.…”

Section: Increased Intestinal Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional management of (some) autism: a case for gluten- and casein-free diets?

Whiteley¹

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Autism spectrum disorders represent a diverse and heterogeneous array of conditions unified by the variable presence of specific behaviours impacting social and communicative functions (social affect) alongside other presentation. Common overt characteristics may come about as a consequence of several different genetic and biological processes differentially manifesting across different people or groups. The concept of plural 'autisms' is evolving, strengthened by an increasingly important evidence base detailing different developmental trajectories across the autism spectrum and the appearance of comorbidity variably interacting with core symptoms and onwards influencing quality of life. Reports that dietary intervention, specifically the removal of foods containing gluten and/or casein from the diet, may impact on the presentation of autism for some, complement this plural view of autism. Evidence suggestive of differing responses to the use of a gluten-and casein-free diet, defined as best-and non-response, has combined with some progress on determining the underlying genetic and biological correlates potentially related to such dietary elements. The preliminary suggestion of a possible diet-related autism phenotype is the result. This review will highlight several pertinent aspects onwards to an effect of food in some cases of autism including research on the pharmacological activity of food metabolites, immune response, issues with gut barrier function and some contribution from the gut microbiota. These represent promising areas in need of far greater research inspection in order to potentially define such a diet-related subgroup on the autism spectrum.

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“…Among psychiatric disorders, a minority (6%) of patients with NCGS showed a previous clinical history of eating behavior abnormalities, while autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been hypothesized to be associated with NCGS [47,48]. Notably, a gluten-and casein-free diet might have a positive effect in improving hyperactivity and mental confusion in some patients with ASD.…”

Section: Epidemiological and Clinical Picturementioning

confidence: 99%