Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance: A bitter fight against evolution

Rodríguez‐Rojas, Alexandro; Rodríguez-Beltrán, Jerónimo; Couce, Alejandro; Blázquez, Jesús

doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.004

Cited by 180 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Resistance mechanisms can develop due to mutations (vertical transmission) or through the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacterial strains by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (Boerlin and Reid-Smith, 2008;Boerlin and White, 2013;da Costa et al, 2013;Davies, 1994;MartinezMedina et al, 2009). The transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next during replication is known as vertical gene transmission (Rodriguez-Rojas et al, 2013). Horizontal gene transfer is the most important mechanism increasing resistance and is due to the transfer of genes among different bacterial strains and/or species.…”

Section: Acquisition and Transfer Of Antimicrobial Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, a localised or systemic infection resulting in clinical diseases such as colisepticemia, chronic respiratory disease and swollen-head syndrome. Globally, avian colibacillosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, and it has been associated with massive economic losses and welfare problems.This organism is of public health significance as APEC is communicable to humans. The diagnosis of avian colibacillosis relies on clinical signs, typical pathological lesions and culture of E. coli from affected tissue(s). Antimicrobial therapy is often used both for treatment and control. Previous overseas studies have characterised APEC and identified virulence genes (VGs) that can be used as molecular markers for the identification of APEC. Little is known about APEC in broiler chickens in Australia.The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of APEC in Australian broiler flocks and how factors including presence of VGs and phylogenetic group can improve the identification of this pathotype in Australia. Firstly, three faecal DNA extraction methods were evaluated. Faeces were collected from healthy chickens and chickens with colibacillosis from commercial broiler farms in South East Queensland (SEQ). The extracted DNA was screened by a pentaplex-PCR for five APEC-associated VGs (iroN, iutA, iss, hlyF and ompT). DNA extracted from E. coli isolates cultured from the cloaca and organs of the birds were screened using the same PCR.Repeated bead beating plus column elution was the preferred DNA extraction method, as it yielded good PCR quality and adequate quantity DNA. However, identifying APEC by direct detection of the five VGs from the faecal material was not feasible as all of these genes were also detected in all of the birds. However, the VGs were more commonly detected in E. coli isolates cultured from birds with colibacillosis.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate APEC farm-level prevalence in healthy broiler chickens in SEQ and to identify potential risk factors associated with the carriage of APEC. At the farm-level, all of the 40 farms sampled were positive for APEC, that is at least one bird per farm carried APEC, while the within-farm prevalence was 63% (95% Confidence Interval: 55.8, 70.2).Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was significantly associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water, failure to disinfect the water line after each flock, farm visitors not showering before entering the shed, distances greater than 20 metres between the car park and the poultry shed and the presence of wild birds within 50 metres of the shed. Chlorinating the drinking water combined with automatic water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence. Page | 3Therefore, based on the results concluded from the multivariable model, improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce APEC prevalence, decrease the risk of co...

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Section: Acquisition and Transfer Of Antimicrobial Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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“…Microbes are able to live constantly in ices and boiling waters, great pHs and excessive high pressures. [1] Indeed, the absolute reductions in mortality provided by antibiotics are practically unparalleled in the annals of medical pharmacotherapy. The absolute diminishing in death mediated by antibiotic therapy includes 25% for community-acquired pneumonia, 30% for nosocomial pneumonia, 75% for endocarditis, and 60% for meningeal or cerebral infections.…”

Section: …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Introduction:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge of Antibiotic Use and Resistance: A Questionnaire Study Among 100 Iraqi Undergraduate Pharmacy Students.

Mitwali.¹

2017

IJAR

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“…The anthropological reasons for this situation are manifold; they include the inadequate clinical use of existing antibiotics (Gilbert 2015;Sanchez and Demain 2015;Shiva 2015), extended misuse of antibiotics in intensive animal husbandry for food production (Bengtsson and Greko 2014;Littmann et al 2015), and the economically-driven exodus of big pharma companies from the antibiotics research field that contributed to the innovation gap mentioned above (Lowther 1979;Powers 2003;Projan 2003;Spellberg et al ; Tau es ; To es ; O Co ell et al . Beyond these anthropological acceleration forces (Breu et al 2001;Gillings 2013), we have to accept that bacterial resistance to antibiotics is not a side effect of modern drug therapy, but an inherent part of bacterial evolution to fight for their evolutionary niche with other bacteria and further organisms (Wright 2012;Wright and Poinar 2012;Rodríguez-Rojas et al 2013). It has been estimated that bacteria producing antibacterial metabolites originated at least hundreds of millions of years ago (Baltz 2008;Wright and Poinar 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These facts imply that in pronounced contrast to other medical indications, the efficacy of antibacterial drugs deteriorates over time. Therefore, the identification of novel antimicrobials, especially with new modes of action (Fischbach and Walsh 2009;Wattal and Goel 2011), is a continuous, necessary task to keep a life-saving headway in the permanent race between bacterial evolution and the protection of human health (Rodríguez-Rojas et al 2013). In addition, the way antibiotics are handled today should be seriously revised, since studies have shown that smart policies for the prudent use of antibiotics in the clinic and throughout agriculture can make a significant difference in the occurrence and the level of resistance (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveilance Network, EARS-Net 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Structural Templates for Clinically Validated and Novel Targets in Antimicrobial Drug Research and Development

Klahn

Brönstrup

2016

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Abstract:The development of bacterial resistance against current antibiotic drugs necessitates a continuous renewal of the arsenal of efficacious drugs. This imperative has not been met by the output of antibiotic research and development of the past decades for various reasons, including the declining efforts of large pharma companies in this area. Moreover, the majority of novel antibiotics are chemical derivatives of existing structures that represent mostly step innovations, implying that the available chemical space may be exhausted. This review negates this impression by showcasing recent achievements in lead finding and optimization of antibiotics that have novel or unexplored chemical structures. Not surprisingly, many of the novel structural templates like teixobactins, lysocin, griselimycin, or the albicidin/cystobactamid pair were discovered from natural sources. Additional compounds were obtained from the screening of synthetic libraries and chemical synthesis, including the gyrase-inhibiting NTBI s a d spiropyrimidinetrione, the tarocin and targocil inhibitors of wall teichoic acid synthesis, or the boronates and diazabicyclo[3.2

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Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance: A bitter fight against evolution

Cited by 180 publications

References 76 publications

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Knowledge of Antibiotic Use and Resistance: A Questionnaire Study Among 100 Iraqi Undergraduate Pharmacy Students.

New Structural Templates for Clinically Validated and Novel Targets in Antimicrobial Drug Research and Development

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