Antibiotic Resistance in<i>Enterococcus</i>spp. Friend or Foe?

Εconomou, Vangelis; Sakkas, Hercules; Delis, Georgios; Gousia, Panagiota

doi:10.1002/9781119139188.ch16

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…Hence, this drug resistance becomes an important public health concern. Antibiotic resistance in enterococci could be generally produced by target modification, alterations that affect access of the drug to the target or enzymatic drug inactivation [142].…”

Section: Pathogenicity Of Enterococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intrinsic antibiotic resistance of enterococci includes resistance to cephalosporins, sulphonamides, lincosamides, β -lactams, and aminoglycosides, located in the chromosomes [130, 143]. Acquired resistances in enterococci from other microorganisms, via plasmids or transposons, could be observed toward chloramphenicol, erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, penicillin, ampicillin, aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin) and glycopeptides especially vancomycin [142, 144]. In fact, vancomycin resistance is of special concern because VRE were known to cause serious infections and diseases that could not be treated with conventional antibiotic therapy [63, 145].…”

Section: Pathogenicity Of Enterococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enterococci: Between Emerging Pathogens and Potential Probiotics

Braïek

Smaoui

2019

BioMed Research International

168

110

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Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms that could be found everywhere; in water, plant, soil, foods, and gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. They were previously used as starters in food fermentation due to their biotechnological traits (enzymatic and proteolytic activities) or protective cultures in food biopreservation due to their produced antimicrobial bacteriocins called enterocins or as probiotics, live cells with different beneficial characteristics such as stimulation of immunity, anti-inflammatory activity, hypocholesterolemic effect, and prevention/treatment of some diseases. However, in the last years, the use of enterococci in foods or as probiotics caused an important debate because of their opportunistic pathogenicity implicated in several nosocomial infections due to virulence factors and antibiotic resistance, particularly the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. These virulence traits of some enterococci are associated with genetic transfer mechanisms. Therefore, the development of new enterococcal probiotics needs a strict assessment with regard to safety aspects for selecting the truly harmless enterococcal strains for safe applications. This review tries to give some data of the different points of view about this question.

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Section: Pathogenicity Of Enterococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenicity Of Enterococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci: Between Emerging Pathogens and Potential Probiotics

Braïek

Smaoui

2019

BioMed Research International

168

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Nevertheless, aph(2 ″ )-Id gene, initially described in human E. casseliflavus , is linked to HLGR. This gene has been detected in clinical vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (Ramirez and Tolmasky, 2010; Economou et al, 2017).…”

Section: Transferable Genetic Determinants Of Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For infectious endocarditis due to ampicillin susceptible and HLGR E. faecalis , ampicillin with ceftriaxone should be considered as an alternative treatment option, since it showed a similar efficacy to the observed ones for ampicillin with gentamicin, in susceptible strains, but with less nephrotoxicity. The saturation of several penicillin-binding proteins is the main reason why this combination presents a desirable bactericidal synergy (Mainardi et al, 1995; Murray, 2000; Fernández-Hidalgo et al, 2013; Economou et al, 2017).…”

Section: Impact In Human Infections and Therapeutic Options For Resismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact on Public Health of the Spread of High-Level Resistance to Gentamicin and Vancomycin in Enterococci

2018

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Antibiotic resistance has turned into a global public health issue. Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to many antimicrobials groups. These bacteria colonize dairy and meat products and integrate the autochthonous microbiota of mammal’s gastrointestinal tract. Over the last decades, detection of vanA genotype in Enterococcus faecium from animals and from food of animal origin has been reported. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium has become a prevalent nosocomial pathogen. Hospitalized patients are frequently treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and this leads to an increase in the presence of VanA or VanB vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients’ gastrointestinal tract and the risk of invasive infections. In humans, E. faecium is the main reservoir of VanA and VanB phenotypes. Acquisition of high-level aminoglycoside resistance is a significant therapeutic problem for patients with severe infections because it negates the synergistic effect between aminoglycosides and a cell-wall-active agent. The aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene is widely spread in E. faecalis and has been detected in strains of human origin and in the food of animal origin. Enzyme AAC(6′)-Ie-APH(2″)-Ia confers resistance to available aminoglycosides, except to streptomycin. Due to the fast dissemination of this genetic determinant, the impact of its horizontal transferability among enterococcal species from different origin has been considered. The extensive use of antibiotics in food-producing animals contributes to an increase in drug-resistant animal bacteria that can be transmitted to humans. Innovation is needed for the development of new antibacterial drugs and for the design of combination therapies with conventional antibiotics. Nowadays, semi-purified bacteriocins and probiotics are becoming an attractive alternative to the antibiotic in animal production. Therefore, a better understanding of a complex and relevant issue for Public Health such as high-level vancomycin and gentamicin resistance in enterococci and their impact is needed. Hence, it is necessary to consider the spread of vanA E. faecium and high-level gentamicin resistant E. faecalis strains of different origin in the environment, and also highlight the potential horizontal transferability of these resistance determinants to other bacteria.

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“…Thus, recently the trend of using enterococci as probiotics for human consumption is in debate due to the controversial aspects of these bacteria which appear to be "friends and foes" [11]. There are published studies reporting that GRAS probiotics are causing infections, but there are no published reports that enterococcal probiotics cause human infections.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%