Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Its Future for Novel Antibiotic Development

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species in Pakistan: A Brief Overview

“…It was found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a less permeable membrane that are responsible for its multi-drug resistance (MDR), similar structural advantages are found in other bacterial strains as well. As these characteristics are found in wild type strains so this type of resistance is called intrinsic resistance [6]. Beta lactamases is an enzyme that destroys the harmful effect of the anti-microbial agent.…”

“…The excessive use of antibiotics is introducing a selective pressure which is becoming responsible of resistance or even multi-resistance characteristics in some of the bacterial populations [10]. Mutation in genes that control metabolic pathways also results in antibiotic resistance [6]. Integrin genes move from one genetic location to another within the same cell, whereas transposons is the transfer of genes through plasmids via bacteriophages.…”

Review of surfactin chemical properties and the potential biomedical applications

“…Nowadays, resistance is comprised of the drugs of last resort, including methicillin and vancomycin. These antibiotics are used not only in the therapy of nosocomial infections caused by enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus [63] but also in the therapy of community-acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus (caMRSA), which has recently been detected and which is much more aggressive than its hospital relatives because it has a particular preference for the young and healthy [64].…”

The antibiotic resistance crisis, with a focus on the United States

“…1 The selective action exerted on pathogenic bacteria and fungi by the 'wonder drugs', that is, microbial secondary metabolites (also known as idiolites), ushered in the antibiotic era which has been of great importance for human beings ever since. Antibiotics are low molecular weight compounds, most of which are natural products made by microorganisms or derived from natural products, which are active at low concentrations against other microorganisms.…”