Antibiotic resistance associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Additional large population-based studies with data for individual patients will provide more insight into the predictors of antimicrobial resistance. 173 , 174…”

Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Nosocomial and Community-Acquired Infections in Italy

“…The necessity is to prevent and reduce not only the nosocomial spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens but the already worrying diffusion in the community; as observed in Figure 3 a, the AMR numbers registered in this study has increased during the years, with a significant growth above all over the CPO in the community (2019: 34%, 2020: 37%; 2021: 28%, 2022: 42%). A possible explanation for this data could be the decrease in the number of hospitalizations and in access to sanitary facilities during the lockdown period [ 32 , 33 ] and could be the increase of antibiotics in the agro-alimentary industry, diffusing in the environmental [ 34 ]. Anyhow, it should be considered that some of the hospitalized patients were discharged in 2021–2022, becoming “Community patients” and continuing to be under health surveillance; this could contribute to the positive reverse trend.…”

Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Post-COVID-19 Co-infections

“…Overuse of these antibiotics in COVID-19 patients has contributed to developing the new, antibioticresistant bacterial strains against amoxicillin, azithromycin, and cephalosporins [25,35,36]. A study published in 2021 found that over 80% of COVID-19 patients received antibiotics, and 70% of those patients received broad-spectrum antibiotics such as cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones [36][37][38][39][40]. The study also found that 70% of the bacteria isolated from COVID-19 patients were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and over 15% were multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.…”

“…Another study published in 2021 reported that the most identified bacteria in COVID-19 patients with secondary bacterial infections were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) [41]. Azithromycin and Clarithromycin were the antibiotics commonly prescribed for COVID-19 patients, particularly those with severe symptoms [36][37][38][39][40]. Many studies have shown that clarithromycin resistance is becoming an increasing concern, particularly in the treatment of respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia.…”