Antibiotic Release from Calcium Phosphate Materials in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Molecular, Cellular and Pharmaceutical Aspects

Abstract

Calcium phosphate materials (CPM) are widely used in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. The presence of microbial biofilms and external infections is responsible for the failure of many procedures of dental implants and bone grafts. In an attempt to reduce the percentage of these infectious processes antibiotics have been associated with CPM improving certain conditions. For instance, antibiotics administered orally or intravenously have less effect and the blood flow in relation to this is poor near implants and grafts. Tissue engineering (TE) has employed CPM as a local drug delivery vehicle to be more effective and efficient in bone infections. This review is presented to describe current antibiotics used and the physical and chemical properties of scaffolds.

Vancomycin-Loaded Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Layers Electrospun on 3D Printed Titanium Implants Prevent Bone Destruction Associated with S. epidermidis Infection and Enhance Osseointegration

“…At the same time, such bioactive layers serve as local carriers of antibiotics, the gradual release of which serves for the prevention of osteomyelitis. Ceramic materials, synthetic and natural polymers, and their combinations provide for clinically applied or experimentally developed biodegradable local carriers of antibiotics [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The local application of antibiotics is generally preferred since it enables the introduction of higher dosages; moreover, the short transport path and minimal levels of antibiotic fluctuation in the blood stream also represent significant advantages.…”

“…The application of biomaterials in the treatment of implant-associated osteomyelitis was recently comprehensively reviewed by Inzana et al [ 2 ]. Ceramic materials such as calcium sulphate [ 18 ], calcium phosphates [ 19 , 20 ], synthetic polymers such as poly( d , l -lactide) [ 21 ], poly( d , l -lactide-co-glycolide) [ 22 , 23 ], or natural polymers such as collagen [ 24 ], chitosan [ 25 ], fibrin [ 26 ], and their combinations in the form of composite materials [ 3 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] all constitute clinically used or experimentally developed biodegradable local carriers of antibiotics. However, only a limited number of complex in vivo studies have been conducted to date on a combination of collagen/calcium phosphate/vancomycin [ 3 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Biocompatible and Biomaterials Application in Drug Delivery System in Oral Cavity

“…Antibiotics and CP mixture is responsible for decrement of infectious procedures percentage and improvement of situations. Delivery of antibiotics needs CP and doped vehicle, which has suitable mechanical and physicochemical characteristics as an apparatus of release [ 47 ]. CP is composed of a mixture of diverse calcium pyrophosphates (P 2 O 7 −4 ), metaphosphate (PO −3 ), and orthophosphates (PO 4 −3 ).…”

“…Insoluble antibiotics in aqueous environments are aligned with CP in solid state. In these conditions, antibiotics are scattered in the solid phase and then distributed in the matrix [ 47 ].…”

Crystallization of carboplatin-loaded onto microporous calcium phosphate using high-vacuum method: Characterization and release study

“…Several substances have been loading in CaP delivery systems: antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, to prevent and treat osteomyelitis [24][25][26][27]; drugs and hormones, to improve the bone remodeling process [7,28]; genetic material [29,30]; and therapeutic drugs, in cancer disease [22,31,32]. Cancer treatment usually involves undesirable side effects.…”