Antibiotic misuse: How to evaluate the costs?

Silva, M.L.; Cargnello, C.; Aulois-Griot, Marine; Dumartin, C.

doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2019.03.012

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Finally, prolonged hospital stays and extended medical treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections may increase the financial burden [ 11. , 12. , 13.…”

Section: Assessing Infectious Disease Among Children: the Need For Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Markers of Bacterial and Viral Infections in Children for Point-of-Care Testing

Tsao

Tsai

Liao

et al. 2020

Trends in Molecular Medicine

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Children suffering from infectious diseases, both bacterial and viral, are often treated with empirical antibiotics. Keeping in mind both the menace of microorganisms and antibiotic toxicity, it is imperative to develop point-of-care testing (POCT) to discriminate bacterial from viral infections, and to define indications for antibiotic treatment. This article reviews potential protein biomarkers and host-derived gene expression signatures for differentiating between bacterial and viral infections in children, and focuses on emerging multiplex POCT devices for the simultaneous detection of sets of protein biomarkers or streamlined gene expression signatures that may provide rapid and cost-effective pathogen-discriminating tools.

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“…Finally, prolonged hospital stays and extended medical treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections may increase the financial burden [ 11. , 12. , 13.…”

Section: Assessing Infectious Disease Among Children: the Need For Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Markers of Bacterial and Viral Infections in Children for Point-of-Care Testing

Tsao

Tsai

Liao

et al. 2020

Trends in Molecular Medicine

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“…The misuse of antibiotics was and still is a concern for health institutions around the world due to its disastrous consequences and the paucity of effective antibiotics against certain infections [ 7 ]. Moreover, bacterial resistance to antimicrobials confuses healthcare providers and places an economic burden on health systems because it limits the choices of alternative, effective agents, which are also more expensive, and increases hospital admissions [ 8 , 9 ]. For these reasons, international health institutions and authorities have issued strict guidelines to regulate the prescription, dispensing, and sale of antibiotics, especially in community pharmacies [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Over-the-counter sale of antibiotics during COVID-19 outbreak by community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: a simulated client study

Khojah

2022

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background Recent studies have reflected increased global concern regarding the possible acceleration of bacterial resistance secondary to the reported overuse and misuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nonprescribed sale of antibiotics by community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 outbreak and the pharmacists’ skills in triaging COVID-19 suspects. Methods Herein, 120 pharmacies were randomly selected and surveyed by simulated clients who presented gradual demands to convince the encountered pharmacists to agree to the over-the-counter sale of antibiotics. The pharmacists’ responses and counseling skills were documented in addition to their effectiveness in triaging suspected COVID-19 cases. Results Nineteen pharmacists (15.8%) were convinced to sell nonprescribed antibiotics after various levels of demand by clients. Moreover, twenty pharmacists (16.7%), who refused to sell nonprescribed antibiotics, referred the clients to clinics where they could easily obtain prescriptions, or to other pharmacies that violate the system. In addition, 29 pharmacists (24.2%) were not concerned about possible COVID-19 suspects, and 47–66 (39.2–55%) of them demonstrated different responses and recommendations. Moreover, 12 pharmacists of the 19 who violated the law did not offer any counseling regarding the use of the antibiotics. Conclusions The nonprescribed sale of antibiotics is still prevalent and may have increased during the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia, thereby increasing the risk of accelerated bacterial resistance. The pharmacists’ skills in triaging COVID-19 suspects and patient education and counseling were below expectations. Further follow-up studies are highly recommended.

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“…It is estimated that antimicrobial resistant infections cause about 50,000 deaths a year in Europe and the United states of America (USA) alone, perhaps aggregating to several hundred thousand when other countries are added [ 8 ]. Apart from the mortality associated with it, undue use of antibiotics increases medical cost in healthcare facilities [ 9 ]. The growing burdens associated with misuse of antibiotics are extremely worrying and the World Health Organization (WHO) assembly adopted a global action plan to fight antimicrobial resistance, in which antibiotic surveillance was emphasized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial prescription and the associated factors among outpatients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda

2021

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Background Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the second most frequent diagnosis after Malaria amongst Outpatients in Uganda. Majority are Non pneumonia cough and flu which are self-limiting and often do not require antibacterials. However, antibiotics are continuously prescribed for these conditions and are a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance and wastage of health resources. Little is known about this problem in Uganda hence the impetus for the study. Objectives To determine the antibacterial prescribing rate and associated factors among RTI outpatients in Mbarara municipality Methodology This was a retrospective cross-sectional study on records of RTI outpatients from 1st April 2019 to 31st March 2020 (prior to the novel corona virus disease pandemic) in four selected public health facilities within Mbarara municipality. A pretested data caption tool was used to capture prescribing patterns using WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators. We used logistic regression to determine factors associated to antibacterial prescribing. Results A total of 780 encounters were studied with adults (18-59 years) forming the largest proportion of age categories at (337, 43.15%) and more females (444, 56.85%) than men (337, 43.15%). The antibacterial prescribing rate was 77.6% (606) with Amoxicillin the most prescribed 80.4% (503). The prescribing pattern showed an average of 2.47 (sd 0.72) drugs per encounter and the percentage of encounters with injection at 1.5% (24). Drugs prescribed by generic (1557, 79%) and drugs prescribed from essential medicine list (1650, 84%) both not conforming to WHO/INRUD standard; an indicator of possible irrational prescribing. Female gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: (1.06–2.16); 18–59 years age group (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.09–2.33) and Individuals prescribed at least three drugs were significantly more likely to have an antibacterial prescribed (aOR= 2.72, 95% CI: 1.86–3.98). Conclusion The study found a high antibacterial prescribing rate especially among patients with URTI, polypharmacy and non-conformity to both essential medicine list and generic name prescribing. This prescribing pattern does not comply with rational drug use policy and needs to be addressed through antimicrobial stewardship interventions, prescriber education on rational drug use and carrying out more research to determine the appropriateness of antibacterial prescribed.

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Antibiotic misuse: How to evaluate the costs?

Cited by 13 publications

References 51 publications

Differential Markers of Bacterial and Viral Infections in Children for Point-of-Care Testing

Differential Markers of Bacterial and Viral Infections in Children for Point-of-Care Testing

Over-the-counter sale of antibiotics during COVID-19 outbreak by community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: a simulated client study

Antibacterial prescription and the associated factors among outpatients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda

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