Antibiotic Concentrations in Saliva: A Systematic Review of the Literature, With Clinical Implications for the Treatment of Sialadenitis

Troeltzsch, Matthias; Pache, Christoph; Probst, Florian; Troeltzsch, Markus; Ehrenfeld, Michael; Otto, Sven

doi:10.1016/j.joms.2013.06.214

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…At the moment it is unclear what might explain this increase in MICs. In general, the increased MIC values were still below the achievable salivary concentrations of the respective antibiotics 33 . However, the antiseptic-induced increase in A. actinomycetemcomitans MICs for amoxicillin brought its MIC value above the salivary amoxicillin concentration of 0.7 µg/mL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro

Verspecht

Herrero

Khodaparast

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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There is evidence that pathogenic bacteria can adapt to antiseptics upon repeated exposure. More alarming is the concomitant increase in antibiotic resistance that has been described for some pathogens. Unfortunately, effects of adaptation and cross-adaptation are hardly known for oral pathogens, which are very frequently exposed to antiseptics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the in vitro increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in oral pathogens after repeated exposure to chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride, to examine if (cross-)adaptation to antiseptics/antibiotics occurs, if (cross-)adaptation is reversible and what the potential underlying mechanisms are. When the pathogens were exposed to antiseptics, their MICs significantly increased. This increase was in general at least partially conserved after regrowth without antiseptics. Some of the adapted species also showed cross-adaptation, as shown by increased MICs of antibiotics and the other antiseptic. In most antiseptic-adapted bacteria, cell-surface hydrophobicity was increased and mass-spectrometry analysis revealed changes in expression of proteins involved in a wide range of functional domains. These in vitro data shows the adaptation and cross-adaptation of oral pathogens to antiseptics and antibiotics. This was related to changes in cell surface hydrophobicity and in expression of proteins involved in membrane transport, virulence, oxidative stress protection and metabolism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro

Verspecht

Herrero

Khodaparast

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…The salivary concentrations of cefazolin and cephalexin have been found to be markedly greater than penicillin and amoxicillin. 16 In addition, patients treated with cefazolin had a lower prevalence of SSI than those treated with clindamycin. This difference could be due to the resistance of Streptococcus species to clindamycin, which can be as high as 17%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Surgical Site Infections Following Orthognathic Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Davis

Gregoire

Steeves

et al. 2016

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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“…Although salivary components do not appear to penetrate into the subgingival domain, components from gingival crevicular fluid can be detected in saliva; thus, periodontal health influences salivary composition indirectly and also directly, as periodontal disease may up‐regulate salivary secretion and alter secreted salivary composition . Antimicrobial therapy also influences the antimicrobial properties of saliva as antibiotics can reach concentrations within saliva in excess of their minimum inhibitory concentration ; moreover, saliva and plaque are reservoirs of microbes containing common antibiotic‐resistance genes , some of which are also associated with resistance to antiseptics .…”

Section: Salivary Antimicrobials: Interactions With the Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota

Marsh¹,

Do²,

Beighton³

et al. 2015

Periodontology 2000

244

186

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Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that provide important benefits to the host. Components of the adaptive and innate host defences are delivered by saliva, and these often function synergistically, and at sublethal concentrations, so a complex relationship develops between the host and the resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can occur rapidly if the flow of saliva is perturbed.

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Antibiotic Concentrations in Saliva: A Systematic Review of the Literature, With Clinical Implications for the Treatment of Sialadenitis

Cited by 27 publications

References 63 publications

Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro

Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro

Prevalence of Surgical Site Infections Following Orthognathic Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota

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