Antibiofilm and antithrombotic hydrogel coating based on superhydrophilic zwitterionic carboxymethyl chitosan for blood-contacting devices

Zwitterionic hydrogels and their biomedical applications: a review

“…PEG and its derivatives are known for forming a robust hydration layer through hydrogen bonding with water, thereby enhancing anti-biofouling properties [102] . However, PEG has drawbacks, such as hydrolysis and autooxidative degradation, leading to reduced antifouling efficacy over time [103] . As a promising alternative, poly-zwitterionic materials have shown excellent potential as effective anti-biofouling coatings [104,105] .…”

Facile Fabrication of Multifunctional Hydrogel Nanoweb Coating Using Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Based Short Nanofibers for Blood-Contacting Medical Devices

“…18−20 hinder the adhesion of blood cells and platelets. 20,21 For instance, zwitterionic polymers have been widely investigated as antifouling materials because they possess both negative and positive functional groups that enable them to create a waterbound layer. 22,23 However, excessive hydration of zwitterionic polymers leads to the dissolution and deterioration of the coating layer when exposed to the bloodstream, resulting in poor long-term stability.…”

“…However, this can lead to side effects such as tolerance and toxicity, along with complications like polymer embolisms arising from synthetic hydrogels. − Recently, functional polysaccharides have gained significant attention in the field of biomaterials to address the side effects and complications owing to their nontoxicity and biodegradability. − Among them, O -carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) stands out as the sole chitosan derivative with the dual advantages of antibacterial activity and hemocompatibility, rendering it a promising choice for BCD coating. , CMC has superior antimicrobial activity compared to chitosan due to the abundance of −NH 3 + groups in neutral conditions. However, antithrombotic activity remains uncertain because of the interaction of its plentiful cationic groups with blood components, potentially elevating the risk of thrombosis. − For enhanced antithrombotic performance, antifouling surfaces have been suggested to hinder the adhesion of blood cells and platelets. , For instance, zwitterionic polymers have been widely investigated as antifouling materials because they possess both negative and positive functional groups that enable them to create a water-bound layer. , However, excessive hydration of zwitterionic polymers leads to the dissolution and deterioration of the coating layer when exposed to the bloodstream, resulting in poor long-term stability …”