“… ( Villegas et al, 2022 ) Silver ions P. gingivalis Reduced osteonecrosis by infectious osteomyelitis and elevation of the inflammatory factors like C-reactive protein and IL-6. ( Soma et al, 2022 ) Cobalt-Chrome-Molybdenum (CoCrMo) Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) S. aureus, E. coli Showed osteo differentiation potential and antibacterial activity without cytotoxicity ( D'Agostino et al, 2023 ) Cobalt Hydroxyapatite S. aureus, E. coli Enhanced angiogenesis and vascularization along with antimicrobial properties ( Bhattacharjee et al, 2020 ) Stainless steel Poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-PPS)- vancomycin and tigecycline S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ), S. epidermidis PEG-PPS-vancomycin had lower CFUs than PEG-PPS-tigecycline. (2.4 × 10 1 , 8.5 × 10 1 CFUs, respectively) ( Hegde et al, 2020 ) Fig.…”
Section: Biofilms On Orthopaedic Implants and Nanoparticles As Antimi...mentioning
“… ( Villegas et al, 2022 ) Silver ions P. gingivalis Reduced osteonecrosis by infectious osteomyelitis and elevation of the inflammatory factors like C-reactive protein and IL-6. ( Soma et al, 2022 ) Cobalt-Chrome-Molybdenum (CoCrMo) Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) S. aureus, E. coli Showed osteo differentiation potential and antibacterial activity without cytotoxicity ( D'Agostino et al, 2023 ) Cobalt Hydroxyapatite S. aureus, E. coli Enhanced angiogenesis and vascularization along with antimicrobial properties ( Bhattacharjee et al, 2020 ) Stainless steel Poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-PPS)- vancomycin and tigecycline S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ), S. epidermidis PEG-PPS-vancomycin had lower CFUs than PEG-PPS-tigecycline. (2.4 × 10 1 , 8.5 × 10 1 CFUs, respectively) ( Hegde et al, 2020 ) Fig.…”
Section: Biofilms On Orthopaedic Implants and Nanoparticles As Antimi...mentioning
“…TiO 2 can improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of titanium alloys [56], which are commonly used in orthopaedic and dental implants. TiO 2 is also known for its pho-tocatalytic properties, which can be harnessed to develop implant coatings that have antimicrobial properties and can help prevent implant-associated infections [57,58]. Another example is silver nanoparticles dispersed in or coated on stainless steel, which can impart antimicrobial properties to the metal and reduce the risk of implant-associated infections [59].…”
Section: Examples Of Nanocomposites Currently Being Used or Developed...mentioning
Medical implants are essential tools for treating chronic illnesses, restoring physical function, and improving the quality of life for millions of patients worldwide. However, implant failures due to infection, mechanical wear, corrosion, and tissue rejection continue to be a major challenge. Nanocomposites, composed of nanoparticles or nanofillers dispersed in a matrix material, have shown promising results in enhancing implant performance. This paper provides an overview of the current state of research on the use of nanocomposites for medical implants. We discuss the types of nanocomposites being developed, including polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-based materials, and their advantages/disadvantages for medical implant applications. Strategies for improving implant performance using nanocomposites, such as improving biocompatibility and mechanical properties and reducing wear and corrosion, are also examined. Challenges to the widespread use of nanocomposites in medical implants are discussed, such as biocompatibility, toxicity, long-term stability, standardisation, and quality control. Finally, we discuss future directions for research, including the use of advanced fabrication techniques and the development of novel nanocomposite materials. The use of nanocomposites in medical implants has the potential to improve patient outcomes and advance healthcare, but continued research and development will be required to overcome the challenges associated with their use.
“…Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have long been considered for their antibacterial capacity, although their cytotoxicity has significantly hindered their progress toward clinical application [50][51][52][53][54][55]. Meanwhile, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) have shown antibacterial efficacy while demonstrating better cytocompatibility [56][57][58][59][60] and even promoting bone formation owing their osteoconductive properties [57,[61][62][63][64]. The particle's surface area to volume determines the binding and ion release properties, which are crucial for antimicrobial activity.…”
Bioactive surface coatings have retained the attention of researchers and physicians due to their versatility and range of applications in orthopedics, particularly in infection prevention. Antibacterial metal nanoparticles (mNPs) are a promising therapeutic, with vast application opportunities on orthopedic implants. The current research aimed to construct a polyelectrolyte multilayer on a highly porous titanium implant using alternating thin film coatings of chitosan and alginate via the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique, along with the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs), for antibacterial and osteoconductive activity. These mNPs were characterized for their physicochemical properties using quartz crystal microgravimetry with a dissipation system, nanoparticle tracking analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Their cytotoxicity and osteogenic differentiation capabilities were assessed using AlamarBlue and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, respectively. The antibiofilm efficacy of the mNPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The LbL polyelectrolyte coating was successfully applied to the porous titanium substrate. A dose-dependent relationship between nanoparticle concentration and ALP as well as antibacterial effects was observed. TiO2NP samples were also less cytotoxic than their AgNP counterparts, although similarly antimicrobial. Together, these data serve as a proof-of-concept for a novel coating approach for orthopedic implants with antimicrobial and osteoconductive properties.
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