Antibacterial surfaces: Strategies and applications

Abstract

Antibacterial surfaces are surfaces that can resist bacteria, relying on the nature of the material itself. It is significant for safe food and water, human health, and industrial equipment. Biofilm is the main form of bacterial contamination on the material surface. Preventing the formation of biofilm is an efficient way to develop antibacterial surfaces. The strategy for constructing the antibacterial surface is divided into bacteria repelling and bacteria killing based on the formation of the biofilm. Material surface wettability, adhesion, and steric hindrance determine bacteria repelling performance. Bacteria should be killed by surface chemistry or physical structures when they are attached to a material surface irreversibly. Killing approaches are usually in the light of the cell membrane of bacteria. This review summarizes the fabrication methods and applications of antibacterial surfaces from the view of the treatment of the material surfaces. We also present several crucial points for developing long-term stability, no drug resistance, broad-spectrum, and even programable antibacterial surfaces.

In Situ Surface‐Directed Assembly of 2D Metal Nanoplatelets for Drug‐Free Treatment of Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria

“…In preventing bacterial growth, surfaces are typically modified via fabrication methods or treated with bactericidal agents to either prevent initial bacterial attachment onto the surface or kill the bacterial cells upon coming into contact with the surface, thereby preventing biofilm formation altogether. [7] Nanomaterials have been successfully synthesized for use in a variety of applications in medicine, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] including the detection and eradication of bacteria. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Due to the proficient bactericidal abilities exhibited by metallic nanoparticles, particularly those composed of transition metals such as silver, copper, and gold, many have explored the utility of these particles for developing antibacterial surfaces.…”

“…[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Due to the proficient bactericidal abilities exhibited by metallic nanoparticles, particularly those composed of transition metals such as silver, copper, and gold, many have explored the utility of these particles for developing antibacterial surfaces. [7,[39][40][41][42][43] These particles are typically synthesized and then integrated into polymer-based coatings for the controlled release of metal ions onto the local environment of the surface, killing bacterial cells upon making contact to the surface and therefore preventing biofilm formation. [44][45][46][47] Another approach involves fabricating surfaces with nano-or microstructures to improve their bacterial repellent properties.…”

“…[48] This method employs laser ablation to form crater-like structures on the surface to minimize contact points between bacterial cells and the fabricated surface, subsequently conferring superhydrophobicity to the surface which helps prevent bacterial attachment. [7,47,49] While the aforementioned approaches have been shown to confer surfaces with antibacterial properties, the extensive surface fabrication or treatment steps render them to be impractical in terms of cost and labor, widening the gap for these methods to be employed for real-world applications. Herein, we report a novel approach wherein a nanoparticle-based antibacterial coating is directly assembled onto copper surfaces using a simple synthesis procedure.…”

“…[ 48 ] This method employs laser ablation to form crater‐like structures on the surface to minimize contact points between bacterial cells and the fabricated surface, subsequently conferring superhydrophobicity to the surface which helps prevent bacterial attachment. [ 7,47,49 ]…”

A universal coating strategy for inhibiting the growth of bacteria on materials surfaces

“…Obviously, fabricating antibacterial surfaces is one of the most prominent and effective ways to solve the issue of surface bacterial contamination, which generally first requires the formation of an active temporary surface by various surface modification approaches. Currently, many surface modification methods, such as chemical anchoring, host-guest interaction, and metal coordination interactions, have been employed to functionalize various surfaces ( Mao et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Yang et al, 2022 ). However, most surface coating methods are only specific to a certain type of surface or require specific pretreatment for the material substrates.…”