Antibacterial Properties of Metallic Elements for Alloying Evaluated with Application of JIS Z 2801:2000

Kawakami, Hiroshi; Yoshida, Kazuki; Nishida, Yuya; Kikuchi, Yasushi; Sato, Yoshihiro

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.48.1299

Cited by 62 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Of 21 metallic elements tested, copper and silver exhibited similar rates of contact killing, which were 5-to 10-fold higher than those of the other metals tested (iron was not tested [39]). In fact, silver is well recognized as an antibacterial metal and is already in widespread use as an antibacterial agent, mainly in colloidal form (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…To what extent iron-sulfur cluster attack plays a role in contact killing is not clear, but it is unlikely to be a key mechanism. For one, zinc, which has a high thiophilicity, displayed a death rate constant of contact killing which was less than 1/20 of that of copper or silver (39), conceivably because it is not redox active (see below); mercury and cadmium were never tested for contact killing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper Is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact Is Prevented and Is Induced on Iron by Copper Ions

Mathews

Hans

Mücklich

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

161

114

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bBacteria are rapidly killed on copper surfaces, and copper ions released from the surface have been proposed to play a major role in the killing process. However, it has remained unclear whether contact of the bacteria with the copper surface is also an important factor. Using laser interference lithography, we engineered copper surfaces which were covered with a grid of an inert polymer which prevented contact of the bacteria with the surface. Using Enterococcus hirae as a model organism, we showed that the release of ionic copper from these modified surfaces was not significantly reduced. In contrast, killing of bacteria was strongly attenuated. When E. hirae cells were exposed to a solid iron surface, the loss of cell viability was the same as on glass. However, exposing cells to iron in the presence of 4 mM CuSO 4 led to complete killing in 100 min. These experiments suggest that contact killing proceeds by a mechanism whereby the metal-bacterial contact damages the cell envelope, which, in turn, makes the cells susceptible to further damage by copper ions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper Is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact Is Prevented and Is Induced on Iron by Copper Ions

Mathews

Hans

Mücklich

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

161

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In our experiments, the redox inactive metals Cd 2ϩ and Zn 2ϩ were unable to elicit significant cell death on iron coupons. Also, zinc has previously been shown to display a death rate constant of contact killing Ͻ1/20 of that of copper or silver (32), whereas cadmium has never been tested for contact killing. Taken together, these observations suggest that displacement of iron from [4Fe-4S] clusters does not play a significant role in contact killing or, for that matter, the killing of cells on iron in the presence of copper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Reduction and Contact Killing of Bacteria by Iron Surfaces

Mathews

Kumar

Solioz

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Federation bThe well-established killing of bacteria by copper surfaces, also called contact killing, is currently believed to be a combined effect of bacterial contact with the copper surface and the dissolution of copper, resulting in lethal bacterial damage. Iron can similarly be released in ionic form from iron surfaces and would thus be expected to also exhibit contact killing, although essentially no contact killing is observed by iron surfaces. However, we show here that the exposure of bacteria to iron surfaces in the presence of copper ions results in efficient contact killing. The process involves reduction of Cu 2؉ to Cu ؉ by iron; Cu ؉ has been shown to be considerably more toxic to cells than Cu 2؉ . The specific Cu ؉ chelator, bicinchoninic acid, suppresses contact killing by chelating the Cu ؉ ions. These findings underline the importance of Cu ؉ ions in the contact killing process and infer that ironbased alloys containing copper could provide novel antimicrobial materials.T he killing of bacteria by metallic copper surfaces, so-called "contact killing," is now well established and has explicitly been shown for many species (1). Bacteria are killed within minutes on surfaces of copper or copper alloys containing at least 60% copper. In contrast, cells can survive for days on surfaces of stainless steel, glass, or plastics. Copper and copper alloys have attracted attention as a means of creating self-sanitizing surfaces in the light of increasing nosocomial infections in Western hospitals. In a number of hospital trials, rooms have been fitted with copper alloy table tops, bedrails, door handles, light switches, bathroom fixtures, etc., in an effort to curb nosocomial infections (2-5; K. Laitinen et al., unpublished data). These copper surfaces resulted in a 2-to 3-log reduction of the microbial burden on a continuous basis. However, further data are needed to convincingly demonstrate that these measures also lead to a lasting reduction of nosocomial infections. Nevertheless, it appears clear that copper-containing materials can contribute to hospital hygiene and lower the bacterial burden also in other facilities where clean or aseptic working procedures are required (6).The mechanism of contact killing of bacteria by coppercontaining materials is of interest not only in connection to its use in hospitals but also from a purely scientific point of view. Laboratory studies have shown that bacteria on copper surfaces suffer rapid membrane damage and DNA degradation, in addition to other less well-defined cellular damage (7-12). The importance and the order of the different processes leading to cell death may depend on the type of microorganism (9). One key element required for contact killing is the release of copper ions from the metal surface. Bacterial copper resistance systems appear unable to cope with the released copper (13-15). The second important requirement for contact killing is bacterial contact with the metal surface (16). Recently, we showed that bacteria are also killed effectively ...

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“…The antimicrobial properties of the filters were also determined by the film attachment method (Kawakami et al, 2008;Shin et al, 2011), which is a Japanese industrial standard test (JIS Z 2801(JIS Z :2000. Two natural products, GSE and propolis, were diluted with 95% ethanol with a concentration of 0.6% (w/v).…”

Section: Film Attachment Methods On Antimicrobial Filtersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Grapefruit Seed Extract and Its Application to Air Filters with Comparison to Propolis and Shiitake

Han

Kang

Kim

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Antimicrobial air filters using a new natural product agent, grapefruit seed extract (GSE) have been investigated for application in air purifiers or heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of GSE, propolis, and shiitake against four bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Psedomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The inactivation of S. aureus was then investigated on air filters treated with two natural products, GSE and propolis (selected for comparison to GSE) using two test methods based on different deposition weights.GSE displayed the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli of the three natural products tested by the disk diffusion method. Similar inactivation rates of 58-67% for GSE and propolis air filters were observed at a relatively low deposition weight of 94-98 μg/cm 2 using the aerosol deposition method. However, the inactivation rate was considerably superior on the GSE air filter (~98%) compared to the propolis air filter (~75%) at deposition weights of 5000-8000 μg/cm 2 using the film attachment method. The inactivation rate for both GSE and propolis air filters could be expressed as an exponential function [in the form of 1 -exp(-ax b )] of the deposition weight per unit area of the natural product. The superior inactivation performance of the GSE air filter using the film attachment method was probably due to the high wettability of GSE for bacteria cultures, with a contact angle less than 20°. Therefore, GSE air filters will be more effective and economical than propolis air filters due to their high microbial activity and relatively low price.

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Antibacterial Properties of Metallic Elements for Alloying Evaluated with Application of JIS Z 2801:2000

Cited by 62 publications

References 22 publications

Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper Is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact Is Prevented and Is Induced on Iron by Copper Ions

Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper Is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact Is Prevented and Is Induced on Iron by Copper Ions

Copper Reduction and Contact Killing of Bacteria by Iron Surfaces

Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Grapefruit Seed Extract and Its Application to Air Filters with Comparison to Propolis and Shiitake

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