Antibacterial properties of l-amino acid oxidase: mechanisms of action and perspectives for therapeutic applications

Abstract

Venom, the mucus layer covering the body surface, ink glands, mammary glands, milk, and various animal secretory functions as both a physical and chemical defense barrier against bacteria and virus infections. Previously, several studies reported that L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) present in animal secretary fluids have strong antimicrobial activities and selective cytotoxic activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, various pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasite species. These LAAOs catalyze oxidative deamination of an L-amino acid substrate with the generation of hydrogen peroxide. The antibacterial activity of LAAOs is completely inhibited by catalase; thus, LAAOs kill bacteria by the hydrogen peroxide generated from the oxidation of L-amino acid substrates. This review focuses on the selective, specific, and local antibacterial actions of various LAAOs that may be used as novel therapeutic agents against infectious diseases. LAAOs that are suitable leads for combating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are also studied.

Distribution in Different Organisms of Amino Acid Oxidases with FAD or a Quinone As Cofactor and Their Role as Antimicrobial Proteins in Marine Bacteria

“…AAOs are also of interest in relation to their biotechnological applications [ 4 , 17 ]. Recently, their potential interest in medicine as antitumorals and as antimicrobials has increased [ 18 , 19 ]. In both cases, the hydrogen peroxide generated as product of the reaction plays a very important role.…”

A Sea Hare L-Amino Acid Oxidase to Fight Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

“…Nowadays, vancomycin is used as drug of choice for treating MRSA, but the emergence of vancomycin intermediate-sensitive S. aureus (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) has limited even this therapeutic route [2]. In these more severe cases, the drugs of choice are quinupristin/ dalfopristin, minocycline, daptomycin and linezolid [23][24][25][26][27][28]. Taken together, these issues highlight the importance of searching new drugs to fight such pathogens.…”

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“…Nowadays, vancomycin is used as drug of choice for treating MRSA, but the emergence of vancomycin intermediate-sensitive S. aureus (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) has limited even this therapeutic route [2]. In these more severe cases, the drugs of choice are quinupristin/ dalfopristin, minocycline, daptomycin and linezolid [23][24][25][26][27][28]. Taken together, these issues highlight the importance of searching new drugs to fight such pathogens.…”