Antibacterial efficacy of indigenous Pakistani honey against extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: an alternative option to combat antimicrobial resistance

Abstract

Background Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) poses a grave threat to public health due to increased mortality and morbidity caused by typhoid fever. Honey is a promising antibacterial agent, and we aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of honey against XDR S. Typhi. Methods We isolated 20 clinical isolates of XDR S. Typhi from pediatric septicemic patients and determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of different antibiotics against the pathogens using the VITEK 2 Compact system. Antimicrobial-resistant genes carried by the isolates were identified using PCR. The antibacterial efficacy of five Pakistani honeys was examined using agar well diffusion assay, and their MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined with the broth microdilution method. Results All 20 isolates were confirmed as S. Typhi. The antibiogram phenotype was confirmed as XDR S. Typhi with resistance to ampicillin (≥ 32 µg/mL), ciprofloxacin (≥ 4 µg/mL), and ceftriaxone (≥ 4 µg/mL) and sensitivity to azithromycin (≤ 16 µg/mL) and carbapenems (≤ 1 µg/mL). Molecular conformation revealed the presence of blaTM-1, Sul1, qnrS, gyrA, gyrB, and blaCTX-M-15 genes in all isolates. Among the five honeys, beri honey had the highest zone of inhibition of 7–15 mm and neem honey had a zone of inhibition of 7–12 mm. The MIC and MBC of beri honey against 3/20 (15%) XDR S. Typhi isolates were 3.125 and 6.25%, respectively, while the MIC and MBC of neem were 3.125 and 6.25%, respectively, against 3/20 (15%) isolates and 6.25 and 12.5%, respectively, against 7/20 (35%) isolates. Conclusion Indigenous honeys have an effective role in combating XDR S. Typhi. They are potential candidates for clinical trials as alternative therapeutic options against XDR S. Typhi isolates.

Exploring the potent antimicrobial activity of manuka honey as against clinically isolated multi-drug resistant and ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi in septicemia patients: a promising therapeutic option

“…In addition, a study was conducted on the indigenous honey against XDR-S. Typhi strains in Pakistan revealed that Beri honey exhibited the greatest zone of inhibition, measuring between 7 and 15 mm, while Neem honey had a zone of inhibition ranging from 7 to 12 mm. The MIC and MBC of beri honey against 15% of XDR-S. Typhi isolates were determined to be 3.125% and 6.25%, respectively (Ejaz et al 2023).…”

“…The manuka honey (Watson & Son, New Zealand) (250g) with + 24 UMF (unique manuka factor) with MGO was commercially purchased. The honey was serially diluted at the concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100% as described previously (Ejaz et al 2023). In short, the bacterial suspension (0.5McFarland) was evenly spread onto Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) plates.…”

“…Both bacterial suspension and lysogeny broth were added into the positive control wells of the microtitration plate. Following overnight incubation at 37 o C in a shaking incubator (MaxQTM Mini 4450, Thermo Fisher Scienti c) at 3g, MIC (v/v %) was read comparing the wells with positive and negative controls(Ejaz et al 2023).…”

Dual activity of indolin-2-ones containing an arylidene motif: DNA and BSA interaction

“…Antimicrobial activities were investigated by performing the broth dilution method. 53 Concentrations of the investigated compounds were in the range of 25–0.0195 mg ml −1 . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established using 96-well microtiter plates.…”

A Review on the Antimicrobial Effect of Honey on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes: Recent Studies

“…This research provides valuable insights into the antimicrobial properties of Qinling Apis cerana honey against Salmonella Typhimurium and its antibacterial mechanism. Ejaz et al, (2023) isolated 20 highly drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strains from pediatric sepsis patients. PCR was used to identify the antimicrobial resistance genes carried by these strains.…”