Antibacterial effect of a resin incorporating a novel polymerizable quaternary ammonium salt MAE‐DB against Streptococcus mutans

Abstract

The antibacterial properties of resins incorporating MAE-DB and the underlying mechanisms of action were evaluated. Antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans were tested using the film contact method, with accumulation and membrane integrity observed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Quantitative PCR was used to determine expression of the S. mutans glucosyltransferase B (gtfB) gene on the surface of resins containing 10% MAE-DB. Bacterial growth was inhibited on resin containing 10% MAE-DB as compared with the control at 1 day, 7 days, 30 days, or 180 days (p < 0.05). For the 10%-MAE-DB resin, no significant differences in bacterial viability were found regardless of the time of incubation (p > 0.05). The number of bacteria attached to resin containing 10% MAE-DB was considerably lower than the control. The proportion of bacteria with damaged cell membranes was increased in the experimental resin over controls. Expression of gtfB was reduced by 10% MAE-DB compared with the control (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that MAE-DB can be incorporated into resin materials at sufficient concentrations for long-term antibacterial effects against S. mutans after polymerization by attenuating gtfB expression and impairing membrane integrity.

Quaternary ammonium compounds in dental restorative materials

“…It has been shown that there is microleakage on restoration margins, and these gaps can be colonized by oral bacteria, thus resulting in secondary caries, which makes the restoration replacement necessary 22,23) . In order to prevent or diminish biofilm accumulation over composite and in the restorations margins, and also to improve the durability of prostheses, antimicrobial restorative materials have been developed, especially through the incorporation of quaternary ammonium to composite resins [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] . In 2006, a research developed by Beyth et al 24) reported that 1 wt% quaternary ammonium polyethyleneimine (QPEI) nanoparticles immobilized into composite or fluid resin had strong antimicrobial activity upon contact without leach-out of the nanoparticles and compromising in mechanical properties.…”

“…The results had shown that modified resins greatly decreased biofilm metabolic activity, colony-forming unit (CFU), and lactic acid with strong and durable antimicrobial properties and remineralization, while matching the load-bearing capability of commercial composites without antimicrobial properties. In similar studies, Huang et al 28,29) developed resins containing 10 wt% of polymerizable QACs, 2-methacryloxylethyl dodecyl methyl ammonium bromide (MAE-DB) or 2-methacryloxylethyl hexadecyl methyl ammonium bromide (MAE-HB). And they compared these new compounds with unmodified resins.…”

“…The antibacterial effect against two E. faecalis strains (ATCC and an endodontic isolate) were assessed, and results had shown that addition of QPEI nanoparticles improved the killing ability of PCS against biofilms of both E. faecalis strains and the effects of AH Plus on the biomass of biofilms from the ATCC strain. Moreover, there were no relevant changes in physicochemical and 95) quaternary ammonium polyethyleneimine QPEI unpolymerizable composite resin 24) , endodontic materials [89][90][91] quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate QADM/IMQ polymerizable composite resin [25][26][27]32) , adhesive system 42) 2-methacryloxylethyl dodecyl methyl ammonium bromide MAE-DB polymerizable composite resin 28,29) 2-methacryloxylethyl hexadecyl methyl ammonium bromide MAE-HB polymerizable composite resin 28,29) 2-Dimethyl-2-dodecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodine DDMAI polymerizable composite resin 30) quaternary ammonium methacrylate QAM polymerizable composite resin 31) , adhesive system 5,53,54) 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine MPC polymerizable composite resin 33) dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate DMADDM polymerizable adhesive system [43][44][45] quaternary ammonium methacrylate polymer QAMP unpolymerizable adhesive system [46][47][48] methacryloxylethyl cetyl ammonium chloride DMAE-CB polymerizable adhesive system [49][50][51][52] benzalkonium chloride BAC unpolymerizable adhesive system [55][56][57] , glass ionomer cement 73,74) , endodontic materials 87) poly-2-methacry...…”

Adhesive Materials with Bioprotective/Biopromoting Functions

“…1). Recently, with the attempts to increase the amount of antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomers that can be incorporated in adhesives and subsequently enhance the antibacterial activity of the modified material without compromising biocompatibility, new antibacterial monomers with two polymerizable methacrylic moieties have been developed [14,25,26].…”

Antibacterial efficacy of functionalized silk fabrics by radical copolymerization with quaternary ammonium salts

“…Metal ions, such as Ag 1 and Cu 21 , are widely used as antibacterial agents for silk fabrics, and the influence of pH value of metal solution on the absorption of fabric surface is also investigated. 10 The in-situ synthesis approach assisted by UV light was developed to deposit silver nanoparticles onto the surface of silk fabrics with antibacterial activity, which could also postpone thermal degradation of silk fabrics.…”