Antibacterial composite restorative materials for dental applications

Biomaterials in Relation to Dentistry

“…Dental composites in the oral environment are also in constant contact with saliva, and the interface can often harbour the oral microorganisms causing marginal breakdown leading to clinical failure. Diffusion of oral fluids may also cause bacterial ingress, and to overcome bacterial microleakage, several researchers have explored the effect of inclusion of antibacterial agents, such as chlorhexidine [14,15] and amorphous calcium phosphates [16] . The bulk degradation of resin composites in the oral environment is another factor, especially affecting long-term survival [17] .…”

“…Research thus far has mainly focused on imparting antimicrobial properties both in restorative materials and dental adhesives that form the interface of composite restorations [68][69][70][71] . Traditionally, materials such as calcium hydroxide have been associated with antibacterial activity due to high alkalinity and GIC for their fluoride release.…”

“…Various compounds of chlorhexidine, such as chlorhexidine acetate, chlorhexidine diacetate, chlorhexidine gluconate and chlorhexidine hydrochloride, have been incorporated in resins, GIC, RMGIC and bonding agents to impart antimicrobial properties. Although there is evidence of antimicrobial activity, the mechanical properties of the cements/materials are found to deteriorate, but some studies report that 0.5-1.0% chlorhexidine generate cements with optimal properties and antibacterial dental composites [68][69][70] . Quaternary ammonium compounds have also been used to impart antibacterial properties to dental restorative materials, wherein the bacteriostatic effect depends on the direct contact of bacteria with the material surface.…”

Chemical Modification of Dental Dimethacrylate Copolymer with Tetramethylxylylene Diisocyanate-Based Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates—Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Antibacterial Properties

“…Faced with the increase in the dental caries scale [1,2], it is important to find effective solutions for curing this disease. Therefore, in recent years, an upward trend in the development of antimicrobial dental composite restorative materials (DCRMs) is observed [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The elementary concept of providing DCRMs with antimicrobial properties assumes physically dispersing bioactive substances (such as antibiotics, antimicrobial enzymes, chlorohexidine, triclosan, metals, metal oxides, and the nanoparticles of quaternized polyethyleneimine) in available dental materials [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]14].…”

“…Therefore, in recent years, an upward trend in the development of antimicrobial dental composite restorative materials (DCRMs) is observed [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The elementary concept of providing DCRMs with antimicrobial properties assumes physically dispersing bioactive substances (such as antibiotics, antimicrobial enzymes, chlorohexidine, triclosan, metals, metal oxides, and the nanoparticles of quaternized polyethyleneimine) in available dental materials [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]14]. As these types of biocides can easily elute from a material, the material achieved shows only a short-term antimicrobial effect.…”