Antibacterial Chemodynamic Therapy: Materials and Strategies

Abstract

The wide and frequent use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infection can cause the occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which becomes a serious health threat. Therefore, it is necessary to develop antibiotic-independent treatment modalities. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is defined as the approach employing Fenton and/or Fenton-like reactions for generating hydroxyl radical (•OH) that can kill target cells. Recently, CDT has been successfully employed for antibacterial applications. Apart from the common Fe-mediated CDT strategy, antibacterial CDT strategies mediated by other metal elements such as copper, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, platinum, tungsten, nickel, silver, ruthenium, and zinc have also been proposed. Furthermore, different types of materials like nanomaterials and hydrogels can be adopted for constructing CDT-involved antibacterial platforms. Besides, CDT can introduce some toxic metal elements and then achieve synergistic antibacterial effects together with reactive oxygen species. Finally, CDT can be combined with other therapies such as starvation therapy, phototherapy, and sonodynamic therapy for achieving improved antibacterial performance. This review first summarizes the advancements in antibacterial CDT and then discusses the present limitations and future research directions in this field, hoping to promote the development of more effective materials and strategies for achieving potentiated CDT.

Antibacterial micro/nanomotors: current research progress, challenges, and opportunities

“…CDT is driven by the Fenton reaction [88], which catalytically generates highly toxic ROS from H 2 O 2 through Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ Fenton reactions [89]. ROS can inactivate various pathogens through mechanisms such as protein dysfunction, impaired membrane function, and interference with nutrient assimilation [90][91][92]. However, ROS suffers certain limitations including short diffusion distances, susceptibility to stability issues as well as difficulties in direct transport to infection sites.…”

Prussian Blue/Polydopamine-Decorated Halloysite Nanotubes for Effective Bacterial Eradication via Photothermal-Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy

“…27 Among them, the synergy of PTT and CDT has emerged as an effective strategy for realizing improved bactericidal efficacy and mitigated adverse effects. 28 As an important antibiotic-independent treatment modality, CDT employed Fenton or Fenton-like catalysts to generate highly toxic • OH from less harmful H 2 O 2 . 29,3029,30 • OH can cause oxidative damage to bacterial membrane and make the bacteria more sensitive to heat.…”

“…To enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects, the integration of PTT with other antibacterial strategies, such as chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), has received tremendous attention . Among them, the synergy of PTT and CDT has emerged as an effective strategy for realizing improved bactericidal efficacy and mitigated adverse effects . As an important antibiotic-independent treatment modality, CDT employed Fenton or Fenton-like catalysts to generate highly toxic • OH from less harmful H 2 O 2 . , , • OH can cause oxidative damage to bacterial membrane and make the bacteria more sensitive to heat.…”

Copper peroxide nanodot-decorated gold nanostar/silica nanorod Janus nanostructure with NIR-II photothermal and acid-triggered hydroxyl radical generation properties for the effective treatment of wound infections

“…23 The generated OH can induce severe oxidative stress to bacteria, and finally lead to bacterial death by ways of lipid peroxidation, protein inactivation and DNA damage. 24 Although CDT can effectively inhibit bacterial growth in vitro, the antibacterial efficiency of CDT is largely restricted in in vivo applications because of the limited H 2 O 2 supply level in the bacterial infection microenvironment (IME). To resolve the drawbacks, many strategies have been established in order to increase the H 2 O 2 supply level in IME, such as co-delivery of glucose oxidase (GOx), 25 utilizing external physical stimuli (e.g., alternating magnetic field, red light), 26,27 or using metal peroxide (CaO 2 , CuO 2 , MgO 2 , etc.).…”