Antibacterial characteristics of Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract on Streptococcus mutans biofilm

Abstract

This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of a natural Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract (Xan) on a Streptococcus mutans biofilm by examining the bactericidal activity, inhibition of acidogenesis and morphological alteration. Xan was obtained from the roots of a medicinal plant in Indonesia, which has shown selective antibacterial effects on planktonic S. mutans. S. mutans biofilms were formed on slide glass over a 72 h period and treated with the following compounds for 5, 30, and 60 min: saline, 1% DMSO, 2 mg/ml chlorhexidine (CHX), and 0.1 mg/ml Xan. The Xan group exposed for 5 and 30 min showed significantly fewer colony forming units (CFU, 57.6 and 97.3%, respectively) than those exposed to 1% DMSO, the negative control group (P<0.05). These CFU were similar in number to those slides exposed to CHX, the positive control group. Xan showed similar bactericidal effect to that of CHX but the dose of Xan was one twentieth that of CHX. In addition, the biofilms treated with Xan and CHX maintained a neutral pH for 4 h, which indicates that Xan and CHX inhibit acid production. Scanning electron microscopy showed morphological changes in the cell wall and membrane of the Xan-treated biofilms; an uneven surface and a deformation in contour. Overall, natural Xan has strong bactericidal activity, inhibitory effects on acidogenesis, and alters the microstructure of S. mutans biofilm. In conclusion, Xan has potential in anti-S. mutans therapy for the prevention of dental caries.

Antibacterial Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil on the Viability of Chromogenic Bacteria That Causes Dental Black Stain in Children

“…The length of exposure was based on previous studies that stated that the maximal bacteria inhibition effect of antibacterial agents requires exposure to the antibacterial agent for 60 minutes [21].…”

Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Solutions on Streptococcus mutans in used Toothbrushes

“…1 Previous studies reported that 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate has shown to inhibit Streptococcus mutans counts very effectively in contaminated toothbrushes. 1,10,[12][13][14]19,28,29 …”

The Effect of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza - Ethanol Extract to Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus Mutans and Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans (Dental Biofilm Research: In Vitro Study)

“…As it has no outer layer, antimicrobial agents can permeate the S. mutans cell wall and cause biosynthesis disturbance. The hydroxyl group in the Xan contained in ethanoltemulawak extract contributes to antimicrobial activity by inducing cell wall protein denaturation; the protein of the cell leaks out and causes cell death [10,4]. In the Gram-negative A. actinomycetemcomitans; however, the outer layer consists of lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and periplasm bound to peptidoglycan.…”

“…It is now proved that ethanol-temulawak extract can prevent S. mutans biofilm formation, but not as effectively as CHX. The ethanol-temulawak extract works by disrupting cell wall integrity, causing lysis with disruption of the cell wall and membrane, and thus, destroying the ability of S. mutans to adhere and form a biofilm [11,4]. The effect of ethanoltemulawak extract against A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm formation was determined in the same way as for S. mutans.…”

“…Dental caries and periodontal disease are caused by oral bacteria in biofilm form. Streptococcus mutans is the main etiological agent of dental caries, working as an early colonizer to start the formation of dental plaque [3,4]. The Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacterium interacts with other bacteria in a biofilm to produce virulence factors and thus cause periodontal disease.…”